Objective: Ulva reticulata is a marine edible green seaweed widely distributed along the coastal lines of India. The present study was designed to screen the phytochemicals and evaluate heavy metals content of U. reticulata collected from Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, India, in the perspective of assessing their therapeutic value and/or safety in relation to its uses. Method:The seaweed sample was subjected to extraction with solvents of different polarities (methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and petroleum ether) and screened for phytochemicals according to standard methods. Heavy metal analysis was also performed with the dried sample powder using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES).Result: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of reducing sugar, proteins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and anthraquinones. ICP-OES indicated the seaweed to contain relative amount of heavy metals in the order of iron (Fe) > chromium (Cr) > Zinc (Zn) > nickel (Ni) > copper (Cu) > lead (Pb) -cadmium (Cd) and is within the permissible limits set by the WHO/FAO, except Fe and Cr. Conclusion:The different solvent extracts of U. reticulata showed the presence of the number of phytochemicals. Furthermore, the present study has revealed the presence of heavy metals in U. reticulata which can be a representative picture of the dissolved metals in the aquatic phase.
From ancient times, medicinal plants have been making important contributions to mankind owing to their healing properties. Their fundamental aspects such as safety, quality, and efficiency ensure the role of plant-based medicines in healthcare. Couroupita guianensis Aubl, commonly known as cannonball tree, is a member of the family Lecythidaceae (Brazil-nut family). Cannonball tree has gained worldwide attention because of its immense therapeutic values including antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, analgesic, antiarthritic, anti-biofilm, antidiarrheal, antifertility, antipyretic, antistress, antitumor, antiulcer, antidermatophytic, wound healing and immunomodulatory activities. Almost all parts of the tree have been used traditionally for treating various ailments. It has been reported that C. guianensis is a rich source of bioactive compounds, specifically the presence of isatin, tryptanthrin, and indirubin is noteworthy. The present review covers in-depth literature survey concerning ecology, morphology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and toxicological information of C. guianensis. This review attempts to summarise information relating to the medicinal value of C. guianensis to date in order to provide baseline knowledge for future works.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to screen phytochemical constituents and evaluate antimicrobial and synergistic antimicrobial properties of leaves and stem of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Methods: The extraction was done by cold maceration method using 80% aqueous methanol. The antimicrobial efficacy and synergistic antimicrobial activity were carried out by disc diffusion assay against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, and diterpenes in both the leaves and stem extracts while saponins, phenol, and tannins were found to be present only in the leaf extract. Both the extracts inhibited the tested bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 10 mg/ml. Aqueous methanolic extract of leaf showed higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and also exhibited synergistic activity with the antibiotic chloramphenicol against S. aureus. Conclusion: The present study concludes that H. sabdariffa is a potential source of bioactive components and also provides information on synergistic activity of leaf extract. The results can contribute to the development of potent antibacterial agents.
Cannonball (Couroupita guianensis) fruits are large sized with disagreeable odor. However, it is widely used traditionally for cold, wound, headache, stomach ache, antibacterial, antifungal and medicinal drink. The present investigation was focused to determine the total phenol and flavonoids as well as the antioxidant properties of fruit pulp of Couroupita guianensis extracted with four different solvents. Additionally, chemical constituents of fruit pulp were also evaluated. Successful extraction was carried out with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous alcohol using Soxhlet apparatus. The different extracts were assessed for quantitative total phenol and total flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activity were determined by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The extract presenting higher total phenol and flavonoid was subjected to Gas chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to explore the chemical constituents. Ethanol extract presented higher total phenol and total flavonoid and was found to be 206.98±0.40 mg GAE/g and 83.18±0.42 mg QE/g respectively. Similarly, % inhibition of DPPH was higher in the ethanol extract exhibiting IC50 value of 52.59. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of about 30 different chemical components. Among the different components, 2,5-Furandione, 3 methyl and hydroxymethylfurfural were found to be the major components in the ethanol extract. The present investigation confirmed that the ethanol extract had showed higher total phenol and flavonoid which can be correlated to its highest % inhibition than other extracts. Hence, considering the obtained result, the ethanol extract can be explored for pharmacological activities.
Traditional knowledge and literature studies report that each part of a plant has tremendous medicinal values. Validation of these medicinal plants scientifically is an important criterion for the development of plant-based drugs. Couroupita guianensis (Family: Lecythidaceae) is a plant with immense medicinal properties. To authenticate its biological value, the present investigation aims to standardize the fruit of C. guianensis based on physicochemical characterization, phytochemical analysis both qualitatively and quantitatively, and high-performance thin-layer liquid chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting studies. Fruit pulp of C. guianensis was obtained, processed and extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and hydroalcohol. Moisture content, total ash, water-soluble ash and acid-insoluble ash values were calculated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the existence of several secondary metabolites in the extracts. In addition, interpreting peaks obtained from HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of potential bioactive phytoconstituents in all the extracts. The quantitative determination proclaimed that fruit pulp was found to be rich in phenolics and flavonoids followed by tannin and saponin. Further, primary metabolites were quantified and they were found to be abundant in the fruit pulp. Henceforth, the outcome of these results provides information for assessing the quality of the sample that could help in ensuring its therapeutic efficacy. Keywords: Couroupita guianensis, HPTLC, Physicochemical characterization, Phytochemical, Fingerprinting
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