The rate, time and method of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application are strongly related to growth, development, and yield of the crop. This study principally focuses on the role of the nitrogen in growth, development, and production of the maize, emphasizing time and methods of fertilizer application and their suitable rates. The review shows that crop yield increases up to certain limit and declines if applied in an excess amount of nitrogen. Nitrogen affects various physiological and biochemical processes in plant cells that ultimately affect the growth and development of the plant. Nitrogen response by maize differs due to growth stages, environment and genotype of maize. Hybrid and improved maize varieties are more nitrogen-responsive than local varieties of maize. Proper nitrogen applications as basal doses at planting stage, split doses at critical growth stages namely knee high, and flowering stages are necessary for higher grain yield. This review serves as a useful tool to maize researchers and growers for making the right decision on nitrogen application on maize.
Erosion of a retained surgical sponge into the intestine is an unusual occurrence and may make its appearance months or years later. The demonstration of a distended bowel by the barium-impregnated mass with multiple polypoidal filling defects in a patient who has undergone previous laparotomy should lead the physician to suspect a retained surgical sponge. Surgical intervention is rewarding.
Solar cooker based on parabolic dish collector with phase change thermal storage unit was investigated. In this experimental setup, solar cooker with phase change thermal storage unit was kept on absorber plate of parabolic dish collector. During day time, acetanilide (phase change material) stores solar heat and during evening, solar cooker is kept in the insulator box. Then, the phase change material delivers heat to the food. To enhance the performance of solar cooker, three cases have been considered: ordinary solar cooker, solar cooker with outer surface painted black, and solar cooker with outer surface painted black along with glazing. It was observed that solar cooker with outer surface painted black along with glazing performs better as compared to other cases. Also phase change material (PCM) in solar cooker with outer surface painted black stored 26.8% more heat as compared to PCM in ordinary solar cooker, whereas PCM in solar cooker with outer surface painted black along with glazing stored 32.3% more heat as compared to PCM in ordinary solar cooker.
Nature confines hundreds of millimolar of amphiphilic
neurotransmitters,
such as serotonin, in synaptic vesicles. This appears to be a puzzle,
as the mechanical properties of lipid bilayer membranes of individual
major polar lipid constituents of synaptic vesicles [phosphatidylcholine
(PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS)]
are significantly affected by serotonin, sometimes even at few millimolar
concentrations. These properties are measured by atomic force microscopy,
and their results are corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations.
Complementary 2H solid-state NMR measurements also show
that the lipid acyl chain order parameters are strongly affected by
serotonin. The resolution of the puzzle lies in the remarkably different
properties displayed by the mixture of these lipids, at molar ratios
mimicking those of natural vesicles (PC:PE:PS:Cholesterol = 3:5:2:5).
Bilayers constituting of these lipids are minimally perturbed by serotonin,
and show only a graded response at physiological concentrations (>100
mM). Significantly, the cholesterol (up to 33% molar ratio) plays
only a minor role in dictating these mechanical perturbations, with
PC:PE:PS:Cholesterol = 3:5:2:5 and 3:5:2:0 showing similar perturbations.
We infer that nature uses an emergent mechanical property of a specific
mixture of lipids, all individually vulnerable to serotonin, to appropriately
respond to physiological serotonin levels.
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