Autoinjectors are self-injectable devices; they are important class of medical devices which can deliver drugs through subcutaneous or intramuscular route. They enclose prefilled syringes or cartridges which are driven by a spring system. The major benefits of this device are easy self-administration, improved patient compliance, reduced anxiety, and dosage accuracy. Immediate treatment during emergency conditions such as anaphylaxis, migraine, and status epilepticus or for chronic conditions like psoriasis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, Reformulation of first-generation biologics, technical advancements, innovative designs, patient compliance, overwhelming interest for self-administration all these made entry of more and more autoinjectors into use. In this review, intensive efforts have been made for exploring the different types of currently available autoinjectors for the management of emergency and chronic diseases.

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Several antimicrobial cocktail solutions of differing composition and concentrations are widely used to decontaminate viable banked tissue allografts at different temperatures and times of exposure. We compared the efficiency of four cocktails comprising nine antimicrobials to kill suspensions of a panel of 27 strains of 13 bacterial species, and 3 Candida spp. at 4, 22 and 37 °C for 24 h. All but one bacterial strains were susceptible to one or more of the agents tested individually at concentrations at least fourfold below the recommended susceptibility breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentrations for drug/species combinations. Candida lusitaniae was resistant to nystatin and amphotericin. The concentrations of several of the cocktail constituents were often greatly in excess (50-1,000-fold) of that required to inhibit the growth of susceptible strains. All cocktails were ineffective against a pan-resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium and one of the four cocktails failed to kill two strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Each cocktail was most efficient at 37 °C, less so at 22 °C, and poorly active at 4 °C. We conclude that the practice of decontamination of tissues with antimicrobials at low temperatures is not supported by in vitro susceptibility tests.

The unique extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes formed by the sequential invagination of the plasma membrane are diverse and encompass important constituents with biological functions. Speculations on its cell independent biological functions are significant and pose them as vital biomarkers and as drug delivery vehicles especially in cancer. EVs possess theragnostic values and are known to elicit specific immune response. Exosomes can also serve as potential nanocarriers for delivering miRNA, siRNA, anti-cancer drugs and membrane-associated proteins. Exosomes play a crucial role in regulating tumour progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review thus portrays the multiple facets of exosomes, in concert with the source for exosomes production and further on its regulation and intercellular communication. The review also explores the recent advances, present status and the future prospective in the application of exosomes in cancer therapeutics and cancer diagnostics.

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To evaluate the effectiveness of amikacin administered by autoinjector compared to manual injection on infected excision wound model of Wistar rats. Randomly bred 14 Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180 to 230 g were used for the present study. The study has the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used for infecting the wounds.1 mL of blood was withdrawn aseptically from the orbital sinus under isoflurane anaesthesia, and the biochemical parameters were carried out. All results were expressed as mean ± SEM, and the results were compared statistically by one-way ANOVA using Sigma Plot 13. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The biochemical parameters in the study was more or less similar. The infected rats treated with amikacin showed faster wound contraction compared to control. This study concludes the effectiveness of amikacin administered through autoinjectors and manual injection in infected excision wound model as similar. Therefore, amikacin autoinjector is a better choice to manual injection to overcome from wound infections if it is administered at the right time in case of emergency or whenever required. Injury and wound infection are common in natural and manmade disasters. Serious bacterial wound infections are a potential threat to open injuries. As accessibility to the primary health centre or hospital may not be easy or possible during disasters and to overcome such a situation, an antibacterial autoinjector would be useful.

In recent years, candida species other than Candida albicans have emerged as causes of human candidiasis, particularly in HIV-infected and other immunocompromised people. C. dubliniensis, a recently described species closely related to C. albicans, first isolated from patients with AIDS in Dublin, has been implicated as an agent of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive people. However, it has also been recovered from HIV-negative people, with clinical signs of oral candidiasis and from the genital tract of some women with vaginitis. The first case of bilateral chronic fungal dacryocystitis caused by C. dubliniensis is described in an HIV-negative woman.