Autoinjectors are self-injectable devices; they are important class of medical devices which can deliver drugs through subcutaneous or intramuscular route. They enclose prefilled syringes or cartridges which are driven by a spring system. The major benefits of this device are easy self-administration, improved patient compliance, reduced anxiety, and dosage accuracy. Immediate treatment during emergency conditions such as anaphylaxis, migraine, and status epilepticus or for chronic conditions like psoriasis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, Reformulation of first-generation biologics, technical advancements, innovative designs, patient compliance, overwhelming interest for self-administration all these made entry of more and more autoinjectors into use. In this review, intensive efforts have been made for exploring the different types of currently available autoinjectors for the management of emergency and chronic diseases.
The objective was to compare the biochemical changes of amikacin by autoinjector delivery and manual injection in rats. Materials and Methods: Amikacin drug cartridge (500 mg/2 mL) for autoinjectors was diluted to 63 mg/mL and rats were administered 1.2 mL, i.p. One group was given 3 and a second group 7 injection on consecutive days. 3 and 7 days manual injection of same dose of amikacin (about 500 mg/kg, i.p.) and a control group (saline) were also included (total 5 groups). On day 4 or 8 biochemical parameters were studied. Results: Significant increase in urea, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase were observed in 7 days administration in both autoinjector and manual injection groups compared to control group. All other parameters viz., glucose, cholesterol, total triglycerides, bilirubin, uric acid, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase did not show any significant change. No significant change was observed in 3 days administration groups. Conclusion: High dose of amikacin for longer duration is known for its nephrotoxicity which is evid enced by the increase in urea and creatinine in both autoinjector and manual injection groups. This study shows that autoinjector device for amikacin which is new can be considered for further research work.
Background:Vector repellents are used globally to avoid insect bites and control transmission of diseases. It is important to ensure safety levels of these compounds, although they are noxious to insects. Vector repellents when used in combination are known to bring additional benefits in getting rid of the harmful insects. Unfortunately, the safety levels of various vector repellents such as Deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), Depa (N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide), and Deb (N,N-diethylbenzamide) are not studied in combination with the widely used pyrethroid deltamethrin (Del).Materials and Methods:In this study, safety evaluation of various vector repellents by oral route in combination with Del was studied by assessing body weight and organ weight changes, hematological parameters, and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats.Results:The results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes in Del, Deb, Del + Depa, and Del + Deet groups. Urea levels were significantly altered after treatment with various repellents and in combination with Del, except Deb-alone group. Hematological and rest of the biochemical parameters were found to be unaltered in all the treatment groups. Significant changes in the liver weight were found in Deb, Depa, Deet, Del + Deb, and Del + Deet groups.Conclusions:Taken together, the overall results of this study indicate that single, high oral dose of various insect repellents did not show any additive toxicity.
Deltamethrin (DEL) and other synthetic repellents like N,N‐diethyl benzamide (DEB), N,N‐diethyl phenylacetamide (DEPA), and N,N‐diethyl meta toluamide (DEET) are widely used due their high efficacy against mosquitoes. We evaluated the safe dose on exposure to insecticide and insect repellent individually and in combination in Wistar rats. Rats were administrated with individual chemicals DEL, DEB, DEPA, and DEET and in combination of DEL along DEB, DEPA, and DEET. The reduced glutathione and its detoxifying enzymes were significantly increased in DEL treated rats. Serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline were increased in DEL alone and its combination groups. Histopathology revealed that DEL and along with other insect repellants can cause lung toxicities. This study suggests that DEL in combination with other insect repellents showed antagonistic effect against oxidative stress, and there was no significant toxicological effect in the combination groups. The insect repellents with DEL cause less toxic effect and is safe for use.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.