The aim of this study was to characterize the renal morphology and anatomical variations of the renal pedicle in domestic shorthaired cats. Dissections were performed in 40 adult cats, obtained from the necropsy unit without macroscopic renal pathology. Kidney dimensions (length, width, and thickness) and the length and origin of the renal arteries and main branches were measured. The length, width and thickness of the right kidney (cm) were 3.83±0.46, 2.42±0.22, and 2.22±0.33 in males, and 3.61±0.53, 2.28±0.38, and 2.13±0.40 in females, respectively. In the left kidney, these measures were 3.82±0.32, 2.48±0.31, and 2.37±0.32 in males, and 3.48±0.47, 2.39±0.26, and 2.15±0.34 in females, respectively. The left kidneys of males were significantly bigger than those of females. There was a positive linear correlation between the rostrum-sacral length and ellipsoid volume of the left kidney only in males. Most of the kidneys were situated ventrally between the third to fifth lumbar vertebras. The right renal artery was situated ventrally to third lumbar vertebra and the left artery to the fourth. The results of the present study contribute to the field of comparative and applied anatomy. 3,83 ± 0,46, 2,42 ± 0,22 e 2,22 ± 0,33 em machos e 3,61 ± 0,53, 2,28 ± 0,38 e 2,13 ± 0,40 em fêmeas, respectivamente. No rim esquerdo, essas medidas foram 3,82 ± 0,32, 2,48 ± 0,31 e 2,37 ± 0,32 em machos e 3,48 ± 0,47, 2,39 ± 0,26 e 2,15 ± 0,34 Keywords: domestic feline, renal measures, vascularization RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a morfologia renal e as variações anatômicas do pedículo renal em gatos de pelo curto brasileiro. As dissecções foram realizadas em 40 gatos adultos, obtidos de necropsias sem evidência de patologia renal macroscópica. Medidas renais (comprimento, largura e espessura), comprimento e origem das artérias renais e ramos principais foram obtidos. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura do rim direito (cm) foram
SUMMARY: Rabbits have been used as urologic models in many studies. The aim of this study was to characterize the renal morphology and anatomical variations of the renal pedicle in rabbit. The research ethics committee of Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University approved this study. The animals were obtained from the university's necropsy unit. Dissections were performed in 50 adult rabbits, male and females, without macroscopic renal pathology. Kidney measurements were made with a digital caliper: length, width, and thickness. The length and origin of the renal arteries and main branches and length of the renal veins were also determined. The terminology of Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was followed. The mean and standard deviation of the length of the right kidney was 3.150±0.2588 cm in males and 3.127±0.3769 cm in females and in the left kidney was 3.083±0.0818 cm in males and 3.162±0.0848 cm in females. The width of the right kidney was 1.933±0.0848 cm in males and 1.996±0.0680 cm in females and in the left kidney was 1.850±0.0659 cm in males and 2.004±0.0940 cm in females. There was no significant difference in the measurements between the two sexes and antimeres and in the measures of renal vessels in relation to sex, but the left artery and renal vein were always larger than the right in both sexes. The results of the present study are expected to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of comparative and applied anatomy.
A criptococose é uma micose sistêmica que em cães frequentemente está envolvida com lesões nos sistemas respiratório e nervoso central. O acometimento do sistema gastrointestinal por este fungo é considerada rara. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de criptococose intestinal em um cão, macho, da raça Boxer, de quatro anos, com histórico de êmese e diarreia sanguinolenta há cinco dias. Ao exame físico foi constatado dor abdominal e estrutura firme em região mesogástrica. Após realização de exame ultrassonográfico sugestivo de intussuscepção, realizou-se a celiotomia exploratória, e foi visualizada uma lesão nodular de 5cm na parede do jejuno, retirada por enterectomia. O fragmento intestinal contendo a lesão foi encaminhado para análise histopatológica. Na macroscopia, a massa apresentava aspecto gelatinoso aos cortes, com superfície de corte compacta e tonalidade creme. No exame histopatológico, observou-se acentuada quantidade de estruturas leveduriformes, redondas ou ovoides, circundada por espessa cápsula, e discreto e difuso processo inflamatório mononuclear. A coloração pelo ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) ajudou a confirmar a infecção pelo fungo do gênero Cryptococcus. Não foi possível dar continuidade ao caso, uma vez que o proprietário não retornou mais ao atendimento. Sugere-se que a porta de entrada da criptococose neste estudo, tenha sido através da ingestão da levedura desidratada, ou pela entrada do agente na extensa ulceração em jejuno, já que o mesmo pode ser encontrado em intestino delgado de cães saudáveis e de cães com enteropatia crônica. Conclui-se que, apesar da criptococose intestinal em cães ser considerada rara, recomenda-se a inclusão nos diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões que acometem os segmentos intestinais sem o envolvimento clínico de demais sistemas.
Variations of the renal veins are well described in the literature, although variations concerning the ureter are considered a rare finding in cats. The circumcaval ureter is one of the rarest variations of the ureter and is characterized by a loop of the ureter posterior to the caudal vena cava, as such, this variant is also known as preureteral vena cava and retrocaval ureter. It is thought to be caused by a deviation during embryonic development of the aforementioned vein. Due to its rarity, there are scarce reports of the circumcaval ureter in cats, and its association with two renal veins makes it less common as well. These variations should be preoperatively identified in order to avoid complications in kidney transplants, ureteral surgeries and cystoscopies, for instance. The present work aims to report two cases of a circumcaval ureter with two renal veins in two different Brazilian shorthair cats (Felis catus).
O conhecimento das variações nos vasos renais possui importância em um programa de sistematização da anatomia radiológica e cirúrgica, tanto para o homem quanto para animais destinados a pesquisa, ensino e treinamento cirúrgico. Atenção particular é dada ao estudo desses vasos enfatizando as variações numéricas entre as diferentes espécies animais. A artéria renal direita se origina mais cranialmente que a esquerda de acordo com a posição mais cranial do rim direito. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de artéria renal esquerda múltipla originando-se da superfície ventral da artéria aorta abdominal em um cadáver de gato SRD macho adulto. O mesmo foi fixado e preservado com solução de formaldeído a 10% e teve o seu sistema arterial preenchido com Petrolátex corado. O rim esquerdo apresentou artérias renais múltiplas, uma cranial e outra caudal. A primeira se originou ventralmente à aorta abdominal de forma única, emitiu ramos para a glândula adrenal, ramo lombar e bifurcou em 2 ramos : um ramo que penetrou diretamente na extremidade cranial do rim; o segundo ramo contornou a extremidade cranial do rim e penetrou na margem lateral do rim. A segunda artéria renal emergiu ventralmente à aorta abdominal de forma única e se bifurcou em duas artérias renais, uma dorsal e outra ventral ambas direcionadas ao hilo renal.
Background This study evaluated the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two anesthetic protocols for salpingectomy or deferentectomy in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp). Materials and Methods Five capuchin monkeys (5 per group) received ketamine (20 mg/kg) combined with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg; group KM) or dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg; group KD) intramuscularly. Anesthesia is induced with propofol intravenously and maintained with isoflurane. Before the start of surgery, fentanyl 3 μg/kg was administered IV, and continuous infusion (10 μg/kg/min) IV was started. Times and quality of anesthetic recovery were evaluated postoperatively. Results KM and KD resulted in adequate chemical restraint. KD resulted in bradycardia. Intraoperative heart rate and systolic blood pressure were higher in KM than in KD. Both groups had smooth recovery. Time to standing was longer in KM than in KD. Conclusion Both protocols allowed the performance of surgeries, with few cardiorespiratory effects. Anesthetic recovery was smooth and shorter in KD group.
RESUMEN: Las glándulas tiroides consisten en dos partes denominadas lobos que se encuentran en ambos lados de la laringe. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las medidas, topografía y vascularización de la glándula tiroides de conejos Nueva Zelanda. Las disecciones anatómicas se realizaron en 36 cadáveres adultos, 17 machos y 19 hembras, con masa corporal media de 2,5 kg y longitud cara-sacral media de 40 cm. Los cadáveres fueron obtenidos del sector de necropsia de la Universidad. Los especímenes tuvieron la arteria aorta torácica canalada, por la cual se inyectó solución de formaldehído al 10 %, seguida de látex coloreado. En los machos, el lobo izquierdo de la glándula tiroidea midió 1,40 x 0,40 x 0,01 cm y el derecho 1,36 x 0,56 x 0,01 cm; en las hembras, el lobo izquierdo midió 1,50 x 0,49 x 0,01 cm y el derecho 1,37 x 0,48 x 0,01cm. No hubo diferencia significativa (p> 0,05) entre las medias de las medidas entre machos y hembras, pero la extensión del lóbulo izquierdo de las hembras y la anchura del lóbulo derecho de los machos fueran significativamente mayores (p <0,05). La extremidad craneal de los lobos tiroideos se encontraba al nivel del cartílago cricoide en casi todos los especímenes. El extremo caudal presentó topografía más variable, desde el tercer hasta el décimo anillo traqueal, habiendo predominado al nivel del quinto anillo. Invariablemente, la irrigación arterial fue determinada por las arterias tiroideas izquierda y derecha, originadas de la arteria carótida común. Las anastomosis entre las arterias tiroideas fueron comunes. La constancia en las dimensiones y irrigación de la glándula tiroidea puede ser ventajosa en la elección del Coelho como modelo experimental para el estudio de esta glándula.
Background: Thyroid gland diseases are the most common endocrinopathies in feline practice. Diagnosis and surgical treatment must base on solid anatomical knowledge about the gland size, localization, and blood supply. However, some textbooks provide a general anatomical description of the thyroid gland of domestic carnivores. Thus, specific details of the feline gland are missing. The present study aimed to investigate the dimensions, topography, and arterial supply of the thyroid gland in Brazilian shorthair cats and, therefore, provide additional data to diagnose and treat feline thyroid diseases.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Brazilian shorthair cats formalin-fixed cadavers (15 male and 15 female) were injected with red-stained latex solution by a canula in the thoracic aorta. The necropsy unit of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro donated the specimens. The study included only adult animals with no history of thyroid disease. After the fixation period, the cadavers were dissected to investigate the measurements (length, width at cranial and caudal poles, and thickness), topography, and in situ arterial supply of the thyroid lobes. The mean measurements of the length, cranial pole width, caudal pole width, and thickness in the right lobe were 19.39 ± 3.10 mm, 5.36 ± 1.40 mm, 3.67 ± 0.93 mm, and 1.30 ± 0.29 mm, respectively; and 20.29 ± 3.35 mm, 4.85 ± 1.58 mm, 3.88 ± 0.91 mm, 1.64 ± 0.65 mm in the left lobe, respectively. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in the comparison of the measures between sexes or antimers (sides). Pearson's linear correlation detected a positive, moderate (r = 0.55), and significant (P < 0.05) correlation between the right and left lobe lengths. In 70% of the cats, both left and right lobes had the cranial poles located at the same level. Typically, the lobes extended between the first to the eighth tracheal ring. However, the cranial pole of some lobes located as cranially as the cricoid cartilage level, and the caudal pole as caudally as the 12th tracheal ring. Fifty-six percent of the cats had a ventrally located isthmus. In all the sampling, one single thyroid artery emerged as a branch of the common carotid artery and provided branches directly to the thyroid lobe, isthmus and the adjacent muscles and esophagus.Discussion: Besides establishing average dimensions of normal thyroid lobes in Brazilian shorthair cats, this study detected no significant difference between the average measurements of right and left lobes. Also, a positive linear correlation between the length and width of the right and left lobes became evident. Therefore, the practitioner must consider suspicious any length asymmetry between right and left thyroid lobes until further endocrine test proves otherwise. Most of the cats had the right and left thyroid lobe positioned at the same transversal level; however, positional asymmetries are not uncommon. Unlike dogs, Brazilian shorthair cats have only a single artery to supply each lobe: the thyroid artery. In a feline thyroidectomy, the surgeon must avoid blindly ligating the thyroid artery since this vessel also provided numerous branches to adjacent muscles and esophagus. In a bilateral thyroidectomy, the ventral region between lobes should be thoroughly inspected for the common presence of an isthmus. Sometimes, the surgeon may need to extend the incision caudally beyond the 12th tracheal ring level to visualize the gland tissue entirely.Keywords: endocrinology, feline anatomy, morphometrics, thyroidectomy.
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