SUMMARYObjectives: To investigate the presence and progression of gray matter (GM) reduction in seizure-free patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: We enrolled 39 consecutive TLE patients, seizure-free for at least 2 years-20 with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), 19 with normal MRI (TLE-NL), and 74 healthy controls. For longitudinal analysis, we included individuals who had a second MRI with minimum interval of 18 months: 21 patients (10 TLE-HS, 11 TLE-NL) and 11 controls. Three-dimensional (3D) T 1 -weighted images acquired in 3 Tesla MRI were analyzed with voxel-based morphometry (VBM). The images of patients with right-sided interictal epileptogenic zone (EZ) were right-left flipped, as well as a comparable proportion of controls. Cross-sectional analysis: The patients' images from each group were compared to controls to investigate differences in GM volumes. Longitudinal analysis: The first and second images were compared in each group to look for decreased GM volume. Results: Cross-sectional analysis: Patients with TLE-HS had diffuse GM atrophy, including hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, insula, frontal, and occipital lobes ipsilateral to EZ, bilateral thalamus and contralateral orbitofrontal gyrus, and caudate. In contrast, TLE-NL group did not present significant differences compared to controls. Longitudinal analysis: TLE-HS presented progressive GM reduction in ipsilateral insula and occipital lobe, contralateral motor area, and bilateral temporal and frontal lobes. TLE-NL had GM progression in ipsilateral hypothalamus and parietal lobe, contralateral cerebellum, and bilateral temporal lobe. Controls did not show changes in GM volume between MRIs. Significance: Diffuse extrahippocampal GM atrophy is present in seizure-free patients with TLE-HS. In addition, there is progressive GM atrophy in patients with and without HS. These results demonstrate that not only ongoing seizures are involved in the progression of GM atrophy. An underlying pathologic mechanism could be responsible for progressive brain volume loss in TLE patients even in seizure-free periods.

Copyright Caldas et al. Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que sem fins comerciais e que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. A pré-anestesia foi realizada com Acepromazina 0,2% (0,2 mg/kg, IM) ou Diazepan 0,5% (0,5 mg/kg, IM). A indução anestésica geral foi feita com Diisopropilfenol 1% (2,0 a 8,0 mg/kg, IV) e a manutenção anestésica geral com Isoflurano ofertado por traqueotubo e diluído em oxigênio a 100%, em circuito fechado de anestesia. O emprego da técnica de quadrantectomia para exérese de neoplasias mamárias constituiu uma manobra preventiva ao surgimento de novas massas tumorais, comprovada mediante a taxa de sobrevivência de 95,5%, em comparação com o emprego da técnica de mastectomia unilateral direita ou esquerda ou ainda a mastectomia bilateral total, cuja taxa de sobrevivência foi de 90,5%. A técnica é facilmente executável, associada ao método de dissecção, uso de dreno cirúrgico e curativo compressivo. Vantagens da técnica de quadrantectomia em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias Advantages of quadrantectomy in bitches with mammary neoplasmPalavras-chave: cães, mastectomia, tumores, quadrantectomia. AbstractA great number of surgical procedures have been proposed for the treatment of mammary tumors in bitches; however, few surveys have compared the accuracy of different techniques in dogs. Our study aimed to establish a quadrantectomy clinical and surgical protocol for the treatment of mammary tumors in bitches, similar to those performed in women. Between March 2014 and December 2015, 154 bitches were admitted to the Obstetric Sector of the Veterinarian Hospital of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. One hundred and forty-one of those bitches presented different variants of mammary tumors and were treated with surgical procedures. Pre-operational evaluation included tumor staging through the TNM system and assessment of surgical risk. The following agents were used throughout the surgical procedures: Acepromazine 0.2% (0.2 mg/kg, IM) or Diazepam for pre-anesthesia, a Diisopropylphenol 0.5% (2.0 to 8.0 mg/kg, IV), IM during the general anesthesia induction, and closed-circuit Isoflurane in the stage of management of anesthesia. Quadrantectomy was performed as a maneuver to prevent tumor recurrence. The maneuver proved effective due to the 95.5% survival rate, compared to the 90.5% survival rate of right or left unilateral mastectomy and bilateral mastectomy techniques. Quadrantectomy in association with dissection method, surgical drain, and compression bandaging was considered an effective and easily applicable surgical procedure in bitches with mammary tumors.

Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a polybacterial claw disease that is endemic to dairy cattle kept in loose house systems, and treponemas are the main bacteria implicated in this disease. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of Treponema spp. in BDD from crossbred dairy cattle (Holstein x Zebu) kept in a pasture in the Brazilian Amazon biome. The diagnostic of BDD was performed by inspecting the distal extremities of cattle during milking in one or more visits comprising 15 farms. In total, it could be inspected 1,847 cows from August 2016 to July 2017, and 25 lesions of BDD were diagnosed. The feet were scored (System M: M0 = no lesion, M1 = ulcer stage <2cm, M2 = ulcer stage >2cm, M3 = healing stage, M4 = chronic stage, M4.1 = chronic stage with ulcer area). Twenty four biopsy samples were taken from feet with BDD and five biopsy samples from feet with no lesions. The histopathology of stained tissues was performed by hematoxylin and eosin and Warthin-Starry method. The samples were also tested by nested PCR for the three previously isolated BDD Treponema phylogroups (T. medium/T. vincentii-like, T. phagedenis-like and T. putidum/T. denticola-like). Spirochetes were observed in 54.2% (13/24) of the lesions, and in 91.7% (22/24) of the samples were detected the DNA of this spirochete belonging to the treponema phylogroups implicated in BDD. In 25% (6/24) of the lesions were detected all the phylogroups. Forty percent (40%, 2/5) of the M0 samples were also positive for the nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested-PCR), as 8.3% (2/24) of the lesions were negative in both techniques employed. Treponema putidum/T. denticola-like was the most detected bacterial in all the stages, and active lesions (M2 and M4.1) presented a greater proportion of T. medium/T. vincentii-like and T. phagedenis-like, but no statistical differences were observed (p>0.05). It could be concluded that BDD lesions in crossbred dairy cattle kept to pasture in the Amazon biome were classified as “polytreponemal” infections and the phylogroup T. putidum/T. denticola-like was the most frequent in the lesions.

ResumoO coração é irrigado pelas artérias coronárias, direita e esquerda. Elas ocupam os sulcos coronários, atrioventricular e interventriculares, apresentando diferenças na distribuição, e trajeto de acordo com a espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a dominância entre as artérias coronárias em bovinos. Trinta corações de bovinos de ambos os sexos foram analisados. Nas artérias coronárias e em seus ramos principais, injetou-se Petrolátex S-65 corado e os corações foram imersos e conservados em cubas contendo solução de formaldeído a 10% por sete dias. As artérias coronárias e seus ramos foram dissecados até as ramificações visíveis. A artéria coronária esquerda se originou diretamente da aorta em 100% dos corações em ambos os sexos. Originavam-se desta artéria o ramo interventricular paraconal e o ramo circunflexo esquerdo em 100% dos corações em ambos os sexos. O ramo interventricular subsinuoso se originou do ramo circunflexo esquerdo em 100% dos corações investigados em ambos os sexos. A média do comprimento em centímetros (cm) do ramo interventricular paraconal foi 15,50 ± 0,57 nos machos e 15,44 ± 0,60 nas fêmeas. A média do comprimento em centímetros (cm) do ramo circunflexo esquerdo foi 11,91 ± 0,43 nos machos e 11,65 ± 0,48 nas fêmeas. Os principais ramos da artéria coronária esquerda (ramo interventricular paraconal, ramo circunflexo esquerdo e ramo interventricular subsinuoso) totalizaram 85,5% considerando todos os corações estudados, de machos e fêmeas, e a artéria coronária direita emitiu 14,5% dos ramos em todos os corações estudados.Palavras-chave: coração, ramos, vascularização. AbstractThe heart is irrigated by the right and left coronary arteries. These vessels occupy the atrioventricular and interventricular coronary grooves, showing differences in the distribution and path according to the species. The aim of this study was to verify the dominance of the coronary arteries in cattle. Thirty hearts of bovines, of both sexes, were fixed in 10% formalin and the coronary arteries were cannulated and filled with stained latex S-65. Afterwards they were immersed and stored in vats containing 10% formaldehyde solution for seven days. The coronary arteries and their branches were dissected until the visible ramifications. The left coronary artery originated directly from the aorta in 100% of hearts in both sexes. This artery originated the paraconal interventricular branch and left circumflex branch in 100% of hearts in both sexes The left circumflex branch originated the Interventricular branch subsinuous in 100% of hearts investigated in both sexes. The mean and standard deviation of the length of the interventricular paraconal branch in centimeters (cm) was 15.50 ± 0.57 in males and 15.44 ± 0.60 in females. The mean and standard deviation of the left circumflex branch length in centimeters (cm) was 11.91 ± 0.43 in males and 11.65 ± 0.48 in females. The main branches of the left coronary artery totaled 85.5%, considering all samples, and the right coronary artery issued 14.5% of the branch...

A criptococose é uma micose sistêmica que em cães frequentemente está envolvida com lesões nos sistemas respiratório e nervoso central. O acometimento do sistema gastrointestinal por este fungo é considerada rara. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de criptococose intestinal em um cão, macho, da raça Boxer, de quatro anos, com histórico de êmese e diarreia sanguinolenta há cinco dias. Ao exame físico foi constatado dor abdominal e estrutura firme em região mesogástrica. Após realização de exame ultrassonográfico sugestivo de intussuscepção, realizou-se a celiotomia exploratória, e foi visualizada uma lesão nodular de 5cm na parede do jejuno, retirada por enterectomia. O fragmento intestinal contendo a lesão foi encaminhado para análise histopatológica. Na macroscopia, a massa apresentava aspecto gelatinoso aos cortes, com superfície de corte compacta e tonalidade creme. No exame histopatológico, observou-se acentuada quantidade de estruturas leveduriformes, redondas ou ovoides, circundada por espessa cápsula, e discreto e difuso processo inflamatório mononuclear. A coloração pelo ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) ajudou a confirmar a infecção pelo fungo do gênero Cryptococcus. Não foi possível dar continuidade ao caso, uma vez que o proprietário não retornou mais ao atendimento. Sugere-se que a porta de entrada da criptococose neste estudo, tenha sido através da ingestão da levedura desidratada, ou pela entrada do agente na extensa ulceração em jejuno, já que o mesmo pode ser encontrado em intestino delgado de cães saudáveis e de cães com enteropatia crônica. Conclui-se que, apesar da criptococose intestinal em cães ser considerada rara, recomenda-se a inclusão nos diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões que acometem os segmentos intestinais sem o envolvimento clínico de demais sistemas.

ResumoModelos de doenças cardíacas foram desenvolvidos em diferentes animais. Investigações em modelos animais de grande porte possibilitam a transformação de descobertas da ciência básica em terapias clínicas. Trinta corações bovinos, de ambos os sexos, foram analisados; as artérias coronárias foram perfundidas com látex corado S-65 e depois fixadas em formol a 10%. As artérias coronárias e seus ramos foram dissecados até as ramificações visíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a morfometria cardíaca e os principais ramos das artérias coronárias em bovinos. A artéria coronária esquerda se bifurcou em ramo interventricular paraconal e ramo circunflexo esquerdo em todos os corações dissecados. O ramo interventricular paraconal ocupou o sulco com o mesmo nome em todos esses corações. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo interventricular paraconal foi 15,50 ± 0,5705 nos machos e 15,44 ± 0,6032 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo circunflexo esquerdo foi 11,91 ± 0,4336 nos machos e 11,65 ± 0,4813 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo interventricular subsinuoso foi 10,37 ± 0,3727 nos machos e 10,44 ± 0,4415 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento da artéria coronária direita foi 9,240 ± 0,4698 nos machos e 10,13 ± 0,5472 nas fêmeas. Palavras-chave: Coração; Medida; Vascularização AbstractCardiac morphometry and coronary artery distribution in crossbred bovines. Cardiac disease models have been designed on different animals. Research on large animal models allows someone to turn the basic science discoveries into clinical therapies. Thirty bovine hearts, of both sexes, were analyzed; the coronary arteries were perfused with stained latex S-65 and, then, fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The coronary arteries and their branches were dissected up to the visible ramifications. This study aimed to determine the cardiac morphometry and the main coronary artery branches in bovines. The left coronary artery bifurcated into paraconal interventricular and left circumflex branches in all hearts dissected. The paraconal interventricular branch was located at the groove with the same name in all of these hearts. The mean ± standard deviation of

Background: Leyomiosarcomas are uncommon malignant smooth muscle tumors of hollow organs. Bovine leyomiosarcomas have been described in several sites, but smooth muscle tumors that arise from the skin are rare in domestic animals. These neoplasms may show variable histologic features depending on their grade of differentiation; therefore, diagnostic tools as special stain, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry are essential for the definitive diagnosis. Due to the lack of reports of skin leyomiosarcomas in cattle, we described the occurrence of a leyomiosarcoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of a Nellore cow.Case: A 10-year-old Zebu Nellore cow was admitted at the Veterinary Diagnosis Center (CEDIVET) of Pará Federal University (UFPA), Brazil, to investigate a tumor on the hip. At clinical examination the cow showed a decreased appetite and weight loss. Due to the bad prognosis the veterinarian recommended euthanasia. Representative tissue samples were submitted for histopathological and immunohistochemistry evaluation at the Department of Pathology of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The slides were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome and Van Gieson stains and submitted for immunohistochemistry with primary antibodies vimentin, troponin C, smooth muscle alpha actin and desmin. Grossly, the tumor appeared as a multilobular, ulcerated and firm 30 cm diameter mass with black and hemorrhagic areas on the surface. The mass was scattered throughout the subcutaneous tissue and infiltrated the adjacent muscle. On light microscopy, the neoplasm consisted of a non-encapsulated proliferation into the derma, composed of highly pleomorphic spindle to round cells arranged in broad interlacing fascicles and small islands. Metastatic lesions were found in the lungs and local lymph nodes. Masson’s trichrome stain revealed collagen production and Van Gieson stains was inconsistent. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed vimentin diffusely and smooth Alfa actin in 10% of the cells. Desmin and troponin C failed to express immunoreactivity.Discussion: The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of the neoplasm were consistent with a leiyomiosarcoma of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Leiomyosarcomas are uncommon in farm animals and most of them arise from the female genital tract, especially in the vagina and within the uterus. The majority of smooth muscle tumors of the skin are benign; however, we described here a neoplasm that displayed clear signs of malignancy. Due to the high grade of differentiation, Van-Gieson stain failed to determine the origin of the neoplasm. Many sarcomas have resembling histologic features and busually display interlacing bundles of spindle shaped cells, similar to the pattern described in the present tumor. Therefore, immunohistochemistry stain with vimetin and smooth alpha actin was essential for the definitive diagnosis. We identified metastatic lesions in the local lymph nodes and lungs. This tumor tends to develop slowly and metastasize late. These findings underline the importance of diagnostic tools, such as immunohistochemistry and special stains to guide the pathologist and to establish the diagnosis of bovine smooth muscle tumors. Consequently, an association of histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures is indispensable to guide the pathologist for the establishment of the diagnosis of bovine smooth muscle tumors.

The lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is one of the main causes of respiratory diseases in cats worldwide. This report describes the unusual case of a kitten infected with A. abstrusus and presented to a veterinary clinic in Brazil with lethargy, dysphagia, non-ambulatory tetraplegia, and pelvic limbs bilateral myoclonus. The clinical picture of the kitten worsened with generalized flaccid tetraplegia and death a few days after hospitalization. At necropsy, hemorrhagic necrosis and subarachnoid hemorrhages were detected in several areas of the central nervous system. Nematode stages were found at post-mortem histological examinations in lungs, cerebellum, subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopic and molecular (PCRs-coupled-sequencing protocols) examination showed the presence of A. abstrusus in histological samples. This study describes the first neurological aelurostrongylosis due to ectopic localization of adult worms in the central nervous system of a cat, causing acute hemorrhagic multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether unusual localizations and the migration of A. abstrusus are more frequent than expected.