As poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegrades with long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, it is desirable to develop methods that enhance the photostability of PVC. In this study, new aromatic-rich diorganotin(IV) complexes were tested as photostabilizers in PVC films. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in 79–86% yields by reacting excess naproxen with tin(IV) chlorides. PVC films containing 0.5 wt % diorganotin(IV) complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for up to 300 h, and changes within the films were monitored using the weight loss and the formation of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and polyene). In addition, changes in the surface morphologies of the films were investigated. The diorganotin(IV) complexes enhanced the photostability of PVC, as the weight loss and surface roughness were much lower in the films with additives than in the blank film. Notably, the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient photostabilizer. The polymeric film containing this complex exhibited a morphology of regularly distributed hexagonal pores, with a honeycomb-like structure—possibly due to cross-linking and interactions between the additive and the polymeric chains. Various mechanisms, including direct absorption of ultraviolet irradiation, radical or hydrogen chloride scavenging, and polymer chain coordination, could explain how the diorganotin(IV) complexes stabilize PVC against photodegradation.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-µm thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.

Novel, porous, highly aromatic organotin(IV) frameworks were successfully synthesized by the condensation of telmisartan and an appropriate tin(IV) chloride. The structures of the synthesized organotin(IV) complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H-, 13C-, and 119Sn-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the complexes were inspected by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized mesoporous organotin(IV) complexes have a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 32.3–130.4 m2·g−1, pore volume of 0.046–0.162 cm3·g−1, and pore size of around 2.4 nm. The tin complexes containing a butyl substituent were more efficient as carbon dioxide storage media than the complexes containing a phenyl substituent. The dibutyltin(IV) complex had the highest BET surface area (SBET = 130.357 m2·g−1), the largest volume (0.162 cm3·g−1), and was the most efficient for carbon dioxide storage (7.1 wt%) at a controlled temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bars).

No abstract

A novel type of coronavirus, identified as 2019-nCoV or COVID-19, appeared in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and continued to spread in 2020. On January 24th, 2020, about 830 cases were reported in nine countries, namely: China, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Nepal, Vietnam, the United States, and Taiwan. Also, about 26 confirmed deaths have been recorded, especially for patients with serious underlying diseases. On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Until June 3rd, 2020, this outbreak virus caused over 6,500,000 detected infection cases in 210 countries and territories and around 383,000 confirmed death cases. Although information about the appearance of the virus, i.e., its origin and capacity to spread among people, is still unclear, there are growing numbers of cases that are occurring from the communication of infected people with uninfected ones. 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus which was detected in humans in the past two decades, after SARS-CoV and Middle Eastern Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that appeared in 2002 and 2012, respectively. In this review, we summarized the up-to-date information regarding COVID-19’s origin, ways of spread, patients’ symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

Adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution onto chitosan was investigated in a batch system. The effects of solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature were studied. Results indicated that chitosan could be used as a biosorbent to remove the azo dyes from contaminated water. Synthesize of chitosan involved three main stages as preconditioning, demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility in 1% acetic acid.

Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.

Organotin(IV) compounds have gained significant interest in both the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Tin (IV) form stable complexes with a unique structure and physicochemical properties that are used in organic synthesis as heat stabilizers and catalysts, in drug development as biologically active agents and in other areas. This review concentrates on recent progress in the classical and convenient synthesis procedure and biological activities as antitumoral and antimicrobial agents.