Synthesis and Biological Activities of Organotin (IV) Carboxylates: A Review

Abstract

Organotin(IV) compounds have gained significant interest in both the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Tin (IV) form stable complexes with a unique structure and physicochemical properties that are used in organic synthesis as heat stabilizers and catalysts, in drug development as biologically active agents and in other areas. This review concentrates on recent progress in the classical and convenient synthesis procedure and biological activities as antitumoral and antimicrobial agents.

Two novel macrocyclic organotin (IV) carboxylates based on bipyrazoledicarboxylic acid derivatives: Syntheses, crystal structures and antifungal activities

“…Organotin (IV) carboxylate complexes have generated a lot of interest among the scientific community over the past 20 years. [1][2][3][4][5][6] This is due to their structural diversity and their potential application in several fields, [7][8][9] especially in medicinal chemistry. 8,9 In fact, the literature reports that organotin carboxylates can act as antitumor, 8,9 antiviral, 10,11 antifungal, 12,13 antibacterial, 14,15 anti-proliferative, 16,17 anti-inflammatory, 18 and antioxidant potent agents.…”

Cellular Basis of Organotin(IV) Derivatives as Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Review

“…Additionally, novel organotin(IV) compounds have been shown to have high selectivity toward various cancer cell lines, regardless of ligand diversity (Awang et al, 2014;Girasolo et al, 2017;Attanzio et al, 2020). Niu et al (2014), Sirajuddin et al (2014) and Hadi et al (2019a) stated that organotin(IV) derivatives are likely to show cytotoxic effects with the following trend: RSn 3+ < R 2 Sn 2+ < R 3 Sn + , with triorganotin(IV) substituents demonstrating the strongest effects. Table 1 shows the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values for organotin(IV) derivatives against various human tumor cell lines.…”

“…Moreover, the three main factors that are the nature of the organic R group, of the halide or pseudohalide X and of the donor ligand L, play a vital role in the structure and activity of organotin(IV) derivatives (L) x R n SnX 4-n (Hadi et al, 2019b). In addition, the number of the alkyl substituent and its length in the organotin(IV) moiety may also contribute to the desirable cytotoxicity on various cell lines, among which the toxicity will become lesser with longer alkyl chains (Van der Kerk and Luijten, 1954;Van der Kerk and Luijten, 1956;Kamaludin et al, 2013;Hadi et al, 2019a). For example, the enzyme inhibition activity of the five-coordinated organotin(IV) carboxylates is higher than that of six-coordinated compounds (Hadi et al, 2019a), suggesting that the activity of the organotin(IV) compound can be effectively modulated by selected ligand, thereby potentially overcoming the compound limitations (Pellerito et al, 2006).…”

“…Organotin(IV) derivatives are formed via the binding of tin and carbon (Iqbal et al, 2015;Adeyemi and Onwudiwe, 2018). The molecular geometry of these compounds varies, including monomers, dimers, oligomeric ladders, cubics, butterflies, and hexameric drums, with the geometry playing a role in their biological activity (Holmes et al, 1988;Chandrasekhar et al, 2002;Chandrasekhar et al, 2005;Hadi et al, 2019a;Khan et al, 2020).…”

Current advances in tin cluster chemistry

“…1 For organotin compounds, for instance, it is well-known that subtle changes of ligand types and numbers greatly affect bioactivity and toxicity, with monoorganotin species being relatively benign with respect to tin compounds with more than one organic ligand. [2][3][4][5] Inorganic tin compounds, like tin chalcogenides, on the other hand, are semiconductors and signicantly less harmful regarding their biological impact. 6,7 Hence, investigations of tin compounds can be found in essentially all elds of chemical science.…”