Cellular Basis of Organotin(IV) Derivatives as Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Review

Abstract

Organotin(IV) compounds have wide applications in industrial and agricultural fields owing to their ability to act as poly(vinyl chloride) stabilizers and catalytic agents as well as their medicinal properties. Moreover, organotin(IV) compounds may have applications as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, or antimicrobial agents based on the observation of synergistic effects following the binding of their respective ligands, resulting in the enhancement of their biological activities. In this review, we describe the antiproliferative activities of organotin(IV) compounds in various human cancer cell lines based on different types of ligands. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which organotin(IV) compounds induce cell death via apoptosis through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Finally, we present the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest induced by organotin(IV) compounds. Our report provides a basis for studies of the antitumor activities of organotin(IV) compounds and highlights the potential applications of these compounds as anticancer metallodrugs with low toxicity and few side effects.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparison of Disinfectant Bioactivity Test of Two Triphenyltin(IV) Compounds

“…The synthesis of organotin(IV) compound Two organotin(IV) compounds, [Ph3Sn(4-HABz)] (2) and Ph3Sn(4-HNBz)] compounds were obtained as yellow and white solid, respectively have been successfully synthesized from the reaction of compound 1 with 4-HABz and 4-HNBz based on the procedures described in the literature (14,15,20,22,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). The schematic reaction for the synthesis of compounds 2 and 3 are shown in Figure 1, the products of the synthesis for compounds 2 and 3 were 84.09% and 80.70%, respectively.…”

“…Two target compounds of triphenyltin(IV) 4aminobenzoate (2) and triphenyltin(IV) 4nitrobenzoate (3) were prepared by the reaction between the starting compound triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide (1) with 4-HABz and 4-HNBz using the published method (14,15,20,22,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). The following procedure was performed:…”

“…The NMR data of the compounds synthesized were carefully analyzed to ascertain the successful in the synthesis of compounds 2 and 3. The typical chemical shifts for compounds 2 and 3 prepared were characterized carefully and compared to the data available in the literature (14,15,20,22,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Based on the data of 1 H NMR spectrum for compound 2, the chemical shifts of phenyl protons attached to tin metal appeared as expected in the range of 7.440 for H2 and H6 to 7.460 ppm for H3 and H5, while the protons in benzoate ring appeared at 7.744-7.843 ppm.…”

“…The current results from the study on organotin(IV) compounds have revealed that some organotin(IV) carboxylates show promising activities in many biological tests. For example, they have been widely used in the biological activities as antifungal (3,(7)(8)(9), antioxidant activities (10,11), antimalarial and antiplasmodial agents (12)(13)(14)(15), antiviral agents (16,17), antitumor and anticancer (18)(19)(20), corrosion inhibitor (21)(22)(23) and antibacterial (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Moreover, these compounds have been found to exhibit strong activity as disinfectant (31).…”

The Versatility in the Applications of Dithiocarbamates

“…The anticancer activities of dithiocarbamate often occur via unrestrained cell death as a result of inflammation, hypoxia or other external damage leading to the release of the content of the cytoplasm into the surroundings. This cell damage through these means is termed necrosis [156].…”