The article describes the production of starch film as a carrier of a model drug substance from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). An analgesic/anti- inflammatory drug was put into aqueous starch solution, and next a film was formed. The following solid drug substances were included in the tests: acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, ibuprofen lysine salt, naproxen in the form of acid, and sodium salt. Solutions were obtained from ibuprofen lysine salt and naproxen sodium, whereas the other drugs enabled to obtain aqueous suspensions. Such a drug substance was mixed with aqueous starch solution to obtain a film. Forming a film under laboratory conditions involved spreading aqueous starch solution containing a drug on a flat heated surface and evaporating water. The films obtained were transparent. They were then dried for a period of 24 hours at a temperature of 20 °C and 50% relative air humidity. Next their mechanical properties were studied. Starch films which contained therapeutic substances were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). There were slight differences between the spectra of films containing a drug substance and those of films containing both starch and a drug substance, which implies weak intermolecular reactions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of cross-sections of the starch films with a drug substance were taken, which indicated their uniform morphological structure. The release rate of the drug from each film to an acetate buffer pH 4.5 (acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid) or phosphate buffer pH 7.38 (ibuprofen lysine salt and naproxen) was determined in vitro with the paddle method. This procedure took up to 90 min. Acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid were almost completely released from the starch film as early as in the first minutes of the procedure, with a maximum value of around 90%. The release of ibuprofen lysine salt and naproxen in the form of acid from the starch film was partial, about 40%. The release of naproxen sodium from the starch film was time-proportional, and there was a tendency towards further release.
The aim of this study was to describe the mechanical and sorption features of homogeneous and composite membranes which consist of microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) and fibrin (Fb) in various proportions as well as thein vitrokinetics of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) released from ten types of membranes in the presence or absence of amoxicillin (Am). The films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical tests: breaking strength (Bs) and elongation at break (Eb), as well as SEM images, and swelling study. The influence of the form of samples (dry or wet) on Young’s modulus (E) was also examined. The homogeneous MCCh (M1) and composite M3 and M4 (MCCh : Fb = 2 : 1 and 1 : 1) membranes were characterized by good sorption properties and higher mechanical strength, when compared with Fb (M2) membrane. Connecting MCCh with Fb decreases release of PDGF-BB and increases release of Am. The most efficient release of PDGF-BB was observed in the case of M4 (the optimum MCCh : Fb ratio was 1 : 1) membrane. It was found that the degree of PDGF-BB release from the membrane is influenced by the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of the films and by its affinity to growth factor PDGF-BB.
In re cent years tis sue en gi neer ing (TI) has seen wide use in the treat ment of in jured bone, nerve and skin tissues. Natu ral, bio de grad able poly mers such as fi brin, gela tin, col la gen, chi to san ap peared to be the most use ful, pro vid ing fully con trolled bio com pati ble fac tor re lease [6,9,11]. Growth fac tors be long to the group of cy to ki nes, which bind with spe cific cel lu lar mem brane re cep tors. A sig nifi cant role in TI is played by the plate let de rived growth fac tor (PDGF), which is a di meric gly co pro tein en gaged in the regu la tion of cel lu lar di vi sion, mi gra tion or cel lu lar growth dur ing angio gene sis [5]. Cur rently available evi dence sup ports the use of PDGF-enhanced ma tri ces to pro mote perio don tal and peri-implant bone regen era tion. The use of growth fac tors such as PDGF-BB with bio com pati ble ma tri ces to pro mote tis sue re generation rep re sent a prom is ing ap proach in the dis ci plines of oral and max il lo fa cial sur gery. The re sults of pre clini cal and clini cal hu man stud ies evalu at ing the ef fec tive ness of growth-factor-enhanced ma tri ces con firmed the use fulness of PDGF in skele tal sur gery, such as oral sur gery [7,12,14].The pre ven tion of in fec tion oc cur rence and patho logical le sions re sult ing from mem brane im plan ta tion in side an or gan ism still re mains an im por tant prob lem. Pre viously data in di cated that the pro phy laxis of an ti bi otic us age in mem branes de creases the risk of in fec tion by even 81%. The drugs most fre quently used in mem branes are an ti bi ot ics and che mo thera peu tics [2].Col la gen and chi to san are highly bio com pati ble and pos sess fa vor able phys ico chemi cal prop er ties for this pur pose. Mo lecu lar in ter ac tions be tween col la gen and chi to san have the po ten tial to pro duce bio com pos ites with novel prop er ties [13]. Col la gen and chi to san do not ex ist to gether as blends in na ture, but the spe cific prop er ties of
The aim of this study was to describe the mechanical features of homogeneous and layered chitosan (Ch) and fibrin–chitosan (Fb–Ch) membranes as well the kinetics of transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1) release from five types of polymer carriers. Composites in the form of a film containing physiologically clotted fibrin (Fb) and microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) were prepared and then crosslinked with calcium chloride. The films were characterized by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mechanical tests (film thickness, maximal tensile force, breaking strength, and elongation at break), and SEM images. The results reveal that Ch film demonstrates higher efficiency in binding TGF‐β1 and, at the same time, is less effective in its release—1.25% of the total amount between 6 h and 14 days. However, the Fb membrane binds TGF‐β1 not as strongly, which leads to more effective release of the compound—25% after 6 h and 28.98% of the total amount after 14 days. The factor TGF‐β1 is released in vitro from Fb–Ch membranes with different kinetics. The most efficient release of TGF‐β1 was observed in the case of the layered Fb–Ch (M4 L) membrane (after 14 days it reached a maximal value of 14.08% of the total amount). The release was lower with increasing Ch concentrations in the film, suggesting a high affinity of TGF‐β1 with the Fb–Ch component. The Fb–Ch membrane with incorporated TGF‐β1 may prove to be a very useful scaffold in the tissue regeneration process. This study demonstrates that Fb and MCCh gels could be used as carrier matrices for the controlled release of bioactive TGF‐β1. It was found that the degree of TGF‐β1 release from the membrane is influenced by the physiochemical and mechanical characteristics of the films and by its affinity to growth factor TGF‐β1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Among the different features of fabrics, surface properties play an important role, especially in the case of fabrics used near human skin. The effect of fabric on human skin in direct contact influences the sensorial comfort of clothing usage. The appropriate designing of woven fabrics from the point of view of their stiffness and surface properties can create new possibilities for their application. Particularly 3-dimensional woven fabrics of small-scale evenly distributed three-dimensionality can be applied in therapeutic clothing ensuring micro-massage. At the moment there is a lack of methods enabling the assessment of 3D woven fabrics with a textured surface from the point of view of the geometric structure of the surface. The paper presents preliminary investigations of the surface topography of 3D woven fabrics by means of a laser-scanner for precise 3D measurements.
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