This paper explores the benefits and drawbacks of government surveillance within a public health crisis, specifically the COVID-19 outbreak of 2020. We review the current state of COVID-19 infection tracking by public health authorities, and then we examine the effectiveness of voluntary and mandatory mobile contact-tracing apps by COVID-19-positive or suspected positive individuals in China, Germany, Italy, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States. Through a Difference-InDifferences test, the apps were found to be highly significantly correlated with a reduction in the spread of COVID-19 in their countries. Robustness tests were run with four alternative models and the results are kept and presented within. In light of the success of these apps, ethical implications for their use during and beyond this public health crisis are discussed, including data governance and individual privacy issues.

Using a controlled setting to study the effects of monitoring.

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Concept maps, a specific kind of mental model, are one method of representing and measuring an individual's knowledge. They are an alternative tool for teaching through building relevant associations, and a method for measuring knowledge and recall over time. Concept maps provide a visual representation of conceptual and relationship knowledge within a particular domain. Concept maps look like a spider web, consisting of many nodes (i.e., key concepts) connected to one another by lines that indicate relationships. In the learning process, students can develop concept maps as an alternative to traditional note-taking by building associations of non-linear key concepts and organizing them to fit with their individual learning styles and frames of reference. The presence of concepts and relationships on a map can provide an instructor with a snapshot of student knowledge and understanding. The proximity and connection of key concepts provide insight for instructors attempting to evaluate how ideas from class were absorbed by students. Conversely, the absence of concepts or relationships, or inappropriate connections between unrelated concepts, provide clues about what information students failed to internalize or incorporate. Concept maps may aid the instructor in assessing what students understand and how they relate the material to the overall course goals. They are easily taught and can be incorporated in introductory units, mid-term reviews and assessments, or end-ofcourse reviews and assessments.

This study extends the range where cognitive fit theory (CFT) has been tested. We replicate on a mobile device the original Vessey and Galletta [1991] study to see if the theory holds in the same way, and we find approximately the same results. However, when we extend the experiment to include common additional tasks to find its relative importance, we find CFT to not be nearly as important as other human-computer interaction concepts like crowding and text entry. The experiments conducted are explained, and the importance of this research in future context is also discussed. is an associate professor of MIS and Chair of the Depa University of Michigan at Dearborn. He has authored or co-authored more t chapters, and conference paper consequences of technology intr Matti Koivisto is is a principal lecturer in Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Finland. He is also president of a consulting firm specializing in telecommunication consulting for public sector organizations. Previously he worked in various positions both in the telecommunications equipm m finishing his Ph.D at HUT on acceptance of mobile information systems and devices.

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