The main objective of this study was to synthesize hydroxyapatite-ciprofloxacin composites using a chemical precipitation method and to evaluate the properties and in vitro release profile of the drug from the hydroxyapatite-ciprofloxacin composites. Composite characterization was achieved by FT-IR, XRD and DLS. Ciprofloxacin determination was accomplished by HPLC, resulting in good incorporation efficiency of the drug (18.13 %). The in vitro release study (Higuchi model C = K t1/2 and Ritger-Peppas model, C = K t0.6) showed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The antibacterial activity showed that the bacterial growth inhibition zones were approximately equal for the synthesis composites and for the mechanical mixture on the Staphylococcus aureus germ. The use of hydroxyapatite, which is a biocompatible, bioactive and osteoconductive material, with ciprofloxacin, which has good antibacterial activity in this composite, makes it suitable for the development of bone grafts. Furthermore, the synthesis process allows a slow local release of the drug.
The objective of this study is to formulate and characterize ciprofloxacin-PLGA nanoparticles in laboratory. Ciprofloxacin-PLGA nanoparticles were obtained with Ciprofloxacin and PLGA as raw materials at the room temperature. The optimum set of process parameters were determined using Design of Experiments (DoE) with the factors: PLGA concentration, Ciprofloxacin concentration, Agitation Rate and the responses: Particles Size, Ciprofloxacin Encapsulation. The optimized formulation had 36.83% Ciprofloxacin Encapsulation and 87.58nm Particles Size in the conditions of 10% PLGA Concentration, 24.8 mg Ciprofloxacin Concentration and 1500 Rpm.
Osteomyelitis continues to be a major concern when orthopedic surgery is performed. Orthopedic infections have an incidence of 5% to 10% but their management proves to be quite difficult due to both biofilm formation and limited access of the drug to the infected area when systemic treatment is employed. The aim of the study was to optimize the synthesis process of a gentamicin loaded poly(-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) based biodegradable composite by varying parameters that affect both efficiency encapsulation and nanoparticle size. Furthermore, a kinetic study was conducted to study the biodegradation process of the polymer. Gentamicin loaded PLGA nanoparticles were obtained using the double emulsion technique which allows the variation of several factors such as gentamycin concentration, PLGA concentration, buffer concentration and stirring speed. Out of the four factors evaluated, gentamicin concentration had the highest impact on both encapsulation efficiency and nanoparticle size. A few relevant interactions between factors were also registered.
Romania is a key pioneer in oil and gas industry with a history of more than 150 years'experience. Many of the oil fields discovered in the early days are still being produced. Extending the production life of mature fields presents a variety of challenges including low reservoir pressure, high water cut, limited well data, aging completions and bypassed pay. The target field is a mature oil field situated in the heart of Romania that has been operated since the 1960s and exhibits many of the aforementioned issues. This paper describes the reservoir, exploitation difficulties and new techniques applied to overcome the key challenges to effectively producing this aging asset. Production enhancement in mature assets require new approaches that can address key challenges and risks associated with the reservoir and completion age. Application of conventional can easily lead to failures including ineffective stimulation, completion failure, screen-out, and increased water cut, all causing difficulties to put wells back in production and resulting in disappointing results. In mature fields, a different approach is required. This paper details first time application of the flow channel hydraulic stimulation in one of the wells in the field, describing the importance of well candidate selection phase, engineered design, execution, and evaluation. The applied channel hydraulic stimulation combines geomechanical modeling with intermittent proppant pumping and degradable fibers to obtain heterogeneous placement of proppant within the fracture. A post job production evaluation compares the production after the conventional treatments versus post flow channel hydraulic stimulation job. The results for all conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments show a steep production decline rate, while the positive impact of channel hydraulic stimulation is apparent resulting in higher initial production and an overall slower production decline. The productive reservoirs besides of low reservoir pressure, are characterized by an increased degree of lamination. The target interval is usually described by a sequence of marls and lenticular streaks of sandstone and shaly-marly sandstone. Conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments have had a marginal effect in this reservoir. Due to the variable lithology, gained limited connection through conventional ways of stimulation and/or perforation end up in quick depletion and production decrease. Channel hydraulic stimulation was applied for the first time in this field and may now be considered to be an efficient way of enhancing production in this and similar reservoirs.
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