Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most debilitating neurodegenerative diseases and is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people by 2050. Despite much effort to discover a therapeutic strategy to prevent progression or to cure AD, to date no effective disease-modifying agent is available that can prevent, halt, or reverse the cognitive and functional decline of patients with AD. Several underlying etiologies to this failure are proposed. First, accumulating evidence from past trials suggests a preventive as opposed to therapeutic paradigm, and the precise temporal and mechanistic relationship of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein should be elucidated to confirm this hypothesis. Second, we are in urgent need of revised diagnostic criteria to support future trials. Third, various technical and methodological improvements are required, based on the lessons learned from previous failed trials.

A continuous search for a permanent cure for diabetes mellitus is underway with several remarkable discoveries over the past few decades. One of these is the potential of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells to rejuvenate functional β cells. However, the existence of these cell populations is still obscure and a lack of phenotype characterization hampers their use in clinical settings. Cellular reprogramming through induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology can become an alternative strategy to generate insulin-producing cells in a relatively safe (autologous-derived cells, thus devoid of rejection risk) and efficient way (high cellular proliferation) but retain a precise morphological and genetic composition, similar to that of the native β cells. iPS cell technology is a technique of transducing any cell types with key transcription factors to yield embryonic-like stem cells with high clonogenicity and is able to give rise into all cell lineages from three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm). This approach can generate β-like pancreatic cells that are fully functional as proven by either in vitro or in vivo studies. This novel proof-of-concept stem cell technology brings new expectations on applying stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus in clinical settings.

Endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified ever since cannabinoid, an active substance of Cannabis, was known to interact with endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid/eCB) receptors. It later turned out that eCB was more intricate than previously thought. It has a pervasive role and exerts a multitude of cellular signaling mechanisms, regulating various physiological neurotransmission pathways in the human brain, including the dopaminergic (DA) system. eCB roles toward DA system were robust, clearly delineated, and reproducible with respect to physiological as well as pathological neurochemical and neurobehavioral manifestations of DA system, particularly those involving the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. The eCB–DA system regulates the basics in the Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy of needs required for individual survival such as food and sexual activity for reproductive purpose to those of higher needs in the pyramid, including self-actualization behaviors leading to achievement and reward (e.g., academic- and/or work-related performance and achievements). It is, thus, interesting to specifically discuss the eCB–DA system, not only on the molecular level, but also its tremendous potential to be developed as a future therapeutic strategy for various neuropsychiatric problems, including obesity, drug addiction and withdrawal, pathological hypersexuality, or low motivation behaviors.

No abstract

Inflammation and oxidative stress is both two important key players in the development, enhancement, and maintenance of both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. They are almost invariably involved in pain-related diseases, such as all-cause low back pain, diabetic neuropathy, neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial ischemia, cancer, and various autoimmune disorders, among others. They act synergistically and their presence can be beneficial, yet detrimental to neurons and nerves if they are in overdrive state. Meanwhile, anthocyanin, a group of flavonoid polyphenols, is very common in nature and can be easily derived from fruits and vegetables. Accumulating evidence has shown that anthocyanin possesses potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects through numerous mechanisms and that its proof-of-concept in ameliorating various pathology of disease states have been extensively documented. Unfortunately, however, the empirical evidence of anthocyanin for alleviating pain has been very minimal to date, despite its potentials. Herein, we discuss the basic properties of anthocyanin and its relevant pain mechanisms which could become potential targets for pain management using this natural compound.

No abstract

No abstract

Highlights Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an endemic zoonotic infection in pork-eating region, including Bali. Despite its high prevalence, diagnosing an NCC can be challenging due to the protean clinical manifestations. Herein we describe an NCC case mistakenly diagnosed as a brain tumor, only later that we discovered the active larvae of Taenia solium , the pathogen which causes NCC. A high index of suspicion towards NCC should always be maintained, particularly among patients originated from endemic area. Appropriate treatment with anthelminthic may result in full disease resolution, thus precluding unnecessary invasive approach.