Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a assimilação metabólica de nitrogênio em plântulas de seringueira cultivadas na presença de nitrato ou de amônio, por meio da quantificação da atividade das enzimas redutase do nitrato (RN), glutamina sintetase (GS), glutamato sintase (GOGAT) e glutamato desidrogenase (GDH). Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: fontes de N -controle, sem aplicação de N; amônio a 8 mmol L -1 ; e nitrato a 8 mmol L -1 -e tempos de exposição -0 e 27 dias -, em arranjo fatorial 3x2, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A forma amoniacal promoveu maior assimilação metabólica de N, o que resultou em maior acúmulo de aminoácidos. A assimilação, tanto da forma nítrica quanto da amoniacal, aconteceu principalmente via GS/GOGAT; parte do N nítrico é assimilado nas raízes, com pequena participação da GDH, e parte é translocada para outros órgãos. O N amoniacal é totalmente assimilado nas raízes, com significativa participação da GDH. Nas folhas, a GS participa tanto da assimilação primária como da reassimilação do amônio fotorrespirado, independentemente da fonte nitrogenada, enquanto a enzima GDH tem papel secundário, independentemente da fonte ou do tempo de exposição. A atividade da RN in vitro é detectada somente em raízes e caules.Termos para indexação: Hevea brasiliensis, amônio, atividade enzimática, fonte de nitrogênio, metabolismo, nitrato. Metabolic assimilation of nitrogen in rubber tree seedlings grown with nitrate or ammoniumAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate metabolic assimilation of nitrogen in rubber tree seedlings grown with nitrate or ammonium, by quantifying the activity of the enzymes nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). The following treatments were evaluated: nitrogen sources -control, without N application; 8 mmol L -1 ammonium; and 8 mmol L -1 nitrate -, and exposure times -0 and 27 days -, in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The ammoniacal form favored higher N metabolic assimilation, which lead to a higher aminoacid accumulation. Both nitrate and ammonium assimilations occurred mainly by GS/GOGAT route; part of the nitric nitrogen is assimilated in the roots, with little GDH participation, and the other part is translocated to other organs. Ammonium nitrogen is totally assimilated in roots, with a significant participation of GDH. In the leaves, GS participates in the primary assimilation, as well as in the photorespiratory ammonium re-assimilation, irrespective of the N source, while GDH has a secondary role, independently of the source or of the exposure time. In vitro RN activity is detected only in the roots and stems.
This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects from the inner bark of Mimosa tenuiflora. The hydroethanol extract (HEE) and its hexane (HXF), chloroform (CLF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and hydromethanol (HMF) fractions were prepared and submitted to phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by using 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice ears. Phytochemical prospection of HEE revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, xantones, triterpenes, esteroids and phenols. Higher total phenol content was found in EAF and higher percentages of inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free DPPH radical were found for HEE, EAF or HMF. Lipid peroxidation (LP) induced by 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was greatly inhibited by HEE or EAF, while inhibition of FeSO 4-induced LP was higher for HMF. The coadministration of HEE (1 or 3 mg/ear) decreased edema (p<0.001) and MPO activity (p<0.05). All fractions reduced mice ear edema at the same extent, however, while EAF and HMF reduced MPO activity in mice ear at both 1 and 3 mg/ear (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively), CLF only at 3 mg/ear (p<0.05) and HXF did not affect this parameter. Taken together, these results demonstrate that inner bark of M. tenuifolia possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Caatinga biome features species with high therapeutic potential such as Aroeira do Sertão (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) which has long history in folk medicine. This study aimed to chemically characterize the secondary metabolites of hydroethanolic extract and hexane, chloroform, acetate, hydroethanolic fractions from Myracrodruon urundeuva (Allemão) possibly responsible antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, besides to evaluate the inotropic effect of crude extract in the left atrium of Cavia porcellus. Phytochemical composition was evaluated by spectrophotometry and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hidrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging and reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid methods. Inotropic effect was evaluated using the isolated organ model. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and differences determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Phytochemical screening and the HPLC confirmed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, tannins. Acetate and Hydroethanolic extract showed inhibition of DPPH values of 81.56 and 93.28% respectively. On the other hand, TBARS reduced in extract were 64.13% in a concentration of 150 µg/mL. Hydroethanolic extract and acetate fraction with concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL showed inhibition zones between 11.00 and 20.50 mm suggesting antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria and Candida albicans. The isolated atrium model demonstrated that the extract acts non-competitively antagonizing muscle calcium currents, decreasing the force of contraction by about 60%. Flavonoids, terpenes and tannins are responsible for M. urundeuva (Allemão) biological effects.
Abarema cochliocarpa is an endemic plant of Brazil and has been traditionally used as a popular medicine to treat various diseases and mostly as a healing agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of the microemulsion containing hydrometanic fraction of the inner bark (HMF) of the plant, as well as its antioxidant, antitumor and cytotoxic potential. The cytotoxicity of HMF was assessed by the viability of J774 macrophages cells and the antiproliferative activity in lines of human tumor cells. The antioxidant capacity of the formulation was evaluated in vitro by the ability to scavenge the DPPH and the healing effect was evaluated in Rattus novergicus in 7, 14, 21 days. The HMF significantly favored the viability of J774 macrophages in all tested concentrations and it was dosedependent. The antiproliferative potential of FHM against human tumor cells was not satisfactory. This formulation presented CE 50 of 24.87 ± 0.62 µg.mL -1 , and healing effect of 55.18 and 100% of wound retraction up to the 7th and 21 st days of treatment, respectively. The bioactive compound of HMF isolated by HPLC was identified by 1 H and 13 C NMR and by literature data as (+)-catechin. The formulation has curative effect. It can be concluded that the phenolic compounds act in the reduction of oxidative stress and contribute to faster healing.
INTRODUÇÃO: Metabolismo é o conjunto de reações químicas a nível celular com finalidade de degradar ou sintetizar substâncias, o metabolismo primário é responsável pelo fornecimento de energia e síntese de metabólitos essenciais aos seres vivos. Os vegetais apresentam, também, um metabolismo secundário capaz de produzir substâncias especializadas que não são vitais ao organismo, contudo, são úteis para proteção e reprodução das plantas, são representados dos 3 grandes grupos, terpenos, compostos fenólicos e alcaloides. A Poincianella pyramidalis, apresenta grandes quantidades de compostos fenólicos, sabe-se que esses estão associados a atividades farmacológicas importantes. Em estudos anteriores, identificou-se grupos de fenólicos derivados de ácido gálico e elágico, bem como importantes biflavonoides em suas partes. A literatura descreve uma correlação positiva entre o conteúdo fenólico total de uma de amostra sua atividade antioxidante. OBJETIVOS: Com isso o objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar o teor de fenóis, flavonoides e flavonóis do extrato bruto (BR) e nas frações clorofórmica (FCL), acetato de etila (FAE), hexânica (FHX) da entrecasca da P.pyramidalis (FCLpp). METODOLOGIA: O BR foi obtido por maceração a frio com etanol a 90% e fracionado com os solventes respectivos em ordem decrescente de polaridade e concentrados em rotavapor. As quantificações dos metabólitos foi realizada por interpolação da média das curvas calibração dos seus respectivos padrões. Ácido gálico para o teor de fenóis totais com curva de calibração (y= 0,1278x – 0,0256, r2=0,9991), quercetina para flavonoides (y=0,061x- 0,0161, r2=0,9994) e rutina para flavonóis totais (y= 0,1503x – 0,0245, r2= 0,9991) os resultados foram expressos em miligrama de equivalentes do padrão por grama de extrato ± Desvio padrão. RESULTADOS: O teor de fenóis para FHX foi 43,20 ± 1,48; FAE 494,47 ± 7,04; FCL 195,07± 2,15; BR 189,85 ± 1,76 em mgEAG.g-1. O teor de flavonoides para FHX 29,89 ± 0,98; FAE 21,23 ± 0,20; FCL 54,68 ± 0,095; BR 4,73 ± 0,25 em mgEQ.g-1. O teor de flavonóis para FHX 27,46 ± 0,34; FAE 15,24 ± 0,91; FCL 13,08 ± 0,28; BR 1,99 ± 0,038 em mgER.g-1.CONCLUSÃO: O nível de polaridade dos solventes possibilitou carrear diferentes classes de metabólitos, A FAE foi mais eficiente para carrear os Fenóis, a FCL para os flavonoides e HX para flavonóis.
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