The production of ewe milk is seasonal and milk yield per animal is low, even in specialized animals. This study aimed to verify the possibility of preserving bulk tank milk for seven days under cooling (5°C) and freezing (-5°C), verify the influence of cooling treatments and of the months of the year on the physical and chemical characteristics of the product. The chemical composition of milk, including the fat, protein, lactose and total solids contents, was not altered by cooling and freezing. Protein and lactose contents varied according to the months of the year. The average percentage and standard deviation of fat, protein, lactose and total solids was 8.10±1.30, 5.22±0.37, 4.43±0.23 and 19.34±1.54, respectively. The density, pH, titratable acidity, as well as alcohol and heat stability tests were significantly influenced by the treatments used (P < 0.05), but no differences were found between fresh and frozen milk. Prolonged refrigeration caused an increase in acidity and decrease in pH, with a consequent reduction in the stability of milk. These results demonstrated that freezing does not affect the chemical composition and physical characteristics of milk in nature and it could be a solution for the producer and the sheep milk industry. de 8,10±1,30, 5,22±0,37, 4,43±0,23 e 19,34±1,54, respectivamente. A densidade, o pH, a

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IntroductionThe abbreviation of perioperative fasting among candidates to elective surgery have been associated with shorter hospital stay and decreased postoperative complications.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review from randomized controlled trials to detect whether the abbreviation of fasting is beneficial to patients undergoing cancer surgery compared to traditional fasting protocols.MethodA literature search was performed in electronic databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, EMBASE and Cochrane, without time restriction. Were used the descriptors: "preoperative fasting", "cancer", "diet restriction" and "perioperative period". Randomized trials were included in adults of both sexes, with diagnosis of cancer. Exclusion criteria were: use of parenteral nutrition and publications in duplicate. All analyzes, selections and data extraction were done blinded manner by independent evaluators.ResultsFour studies were included, with a total of 150 patients, 128 with colorectal cancer and 22 gastric cancer. The articles were published from 2006 to 2013. The main outcome measures were heterogeneous, which impaired the unification of the results by means of meta-analysis. Compared to traditional protocols, patients undergoing fasting abbreviation with the administration of fluids containing carbohydrates had improvements in glycemic parameters (fasting glucose and insulin resistance), inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 and 10) and indicators of malnutrition (grip strength hand and CRP/albumin ratio), and shorter hospital stay. The methodological quality of the reviewed articles, however, suggests that the results should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionsThe abbreviation of perioperative fasting in patients with neoplasm appears to be beneficial.

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ABSTRACT:The small-scale goat milk production requires its storage, and such operation is allowed by Brazilian laws. This study aimed at evaluating the cooling and freezing effects on physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of goat milk. However, no variability was verified in average acidity, alcohol stability, density, fat protein, total solids and lactose values after cold storage. Heat instability was not observed in any of the analyzed samples. There was a decreasing tendency in the somatic cell count (SCC) of frozen milk in comparison to fresh and refrigerated milk. The quantification (NMP) of total and thermo-tolerant coliforms varies from < 3 (no growth) to > 1,100 UFC/mL, regardless of the storage method. However, a slightly higher count (p < 0.0001) was observed for total and thermo-tolerant coliforms in the samples kept under refrigeration. In the lactofermentation test, digested, flocculated and grooved clots were observed without establishing a correlation between them and the bacterial count. SCC and microbial count are the criteria adopted when paying for the quality of goat milk, and the storage temperature may affect these criteria.KEYWORDS: goat milk; composition; storage temperature; bacterial indicators; refrigeration; freezing. RESUMO:O leite de cabra é produzido em pequena escala, o que torna necessária sua estocagem, permitida pela legislação brasileira. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbioló-gicas do leite de cabra. Não foi observada variabilidade nos valores médios de acidez, estabilidade ao álcool, densidade, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e lactose após armazenamento sob frio. Não foi observada instabilidade ao calor em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Verificou-se tendência à diminuição na contagem de células somáticas (CSS) no leite congelado em relação ao fresco e ao refrigerado. A quantificação (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes variou de < 3 (ausência de crescimento) à > 1.100 UFC/mL, independentemente do armazenamento. Entretanto, determinou-se contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes significativamente maior (p < 0,0001) nas amostras mantidas sob refrigeração. Na prova de lactofermentação, observaram-se coágulos digeridos, floculosos e sulcados sem estabelecer correlação entre estes e a contagem bacteriana. A CCS e a contagem microbiana são critérios adotados no pagamento pela qualidade no leite caprino, e a temperatura de armazenamento pode influir sobre elas.

Background: Reliable measurement of basal energy expenditure (BEE) in liver transplant (LT) recipients is necessary for adapting energy requirements, improving nutritional status and preventing weight gain. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for measuring BEE. However, BEE may be estimated through alternative methods, including electrical bioimpedance (BI), Harris-Benedict Equation (HBE), and Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation (MSJ) that carry easier applicability and lower cost. Aim: To determine which of the three alternative methods for BEE estimation (HBE, BI and MSJ) would provide most reliable BEE estimation in LT recipients. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study including dyslipidemic LT recipients in follow-up at a 735-bed tertiary referral university hospital. Comparisons of BEE measured through IC to BEE estimated through each of the three alternative methods (HBE, BI and MSJ) were performed using Bland-Altman method and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Results: Forty-five patients were included, aged 58±10 years. BEE measured using IC was 1664±319 kcal for males, and 1409±221 kcal for females. Average difference between BEE measured by IC (1534±300 kcal) and BI (1584±377 kcal) was +50 kcal (p=0.0384). Average difference between the BEE measured using IC (1534±300 kcal) and MSJ (1479.6±375 kcal) was -55 kcal (p=0.16). Average difference between BEE values measured by IC (1534±300 kcal) and HBE (1521±283 kcal) was -13 kcal (p=0.326). Difference between BEE estimated through IC and HBE was less than 100 kcal for 39 of all 43patients. Conclusions: Among the three alternative methods, HBE was the most reliable for estimating BEE in LT recipients.

RESUMOO leite tipo A, produzido e beneficiado em granja leiteira, possui padrões de qualidade específicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru e pasteurizado tipo A e de pontos de contaminação em uma granja leiteira do RS. De novembro de 2006 a abril de 2008 foram realizadas seis coletas. A cada coleta foram amostrados: leite cru e pasteurizado, swabes de tetos e teteiras para contagem de coliformes totais, termotolerantes, bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas. Foi realizada análise físico-química do leite. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes no leite pasteurizado indicou que 50% e 33,3% das amostras estavam fora do padrão, respectivamente. Na contagem de mesófilos aeróbios no leite pasteurizado, duas amostras apresentaram resultados acima do limite estabelecido pela Instrução Normativa 51 (IN51). No leite cru, 3 amostras apresentaram elevadas contagens de mesófilos aeróbios (>1,0 x 10 4 UFC/mL). A quantidade de psicrotróficos do leite cru variou entre as coletas. Houve aumento dos valores entre a primeira e a última coleta para as contagens na superfície das teteiras do início para o fim do período da ordenha. Na análise físico-química do leite foi verificado que duas amostras de leite cru e uma amostra de leite pasteurizado apresentaram teores de gordura abaixo do mínimo permitido (3,0%). A contagem de células somáticas apresentou valores acima do permitido para 3 amostras de leite cru e 1 amostra de leite pasteurizado. Verificou-se a necessidade de correções no manejo de ordenha, a fim de melhorar a qualidade do leite produzido e se adequar às normas da IN51.Descritores: coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais, contagem de aeróbios, qualidade do leite. ABSTRACT Grade A milk is produced and processed by rigid and specific standard of quality. This research aimed to evaluate microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics of raw and pasteurized grade A milk and know some critical points of contamination at a dairy farm in Rio Grande do Sul. For November, 2006 to April, 2008 we carried out six visits and sample collection at the property. At each one, there were collected samples of raw and pasteurized milk, swabs of teats skin and milking machine liners. There were performed aerobic mesophiles counting and total and fecal coliforms (MPN). To raw milk, it was also performed psychrotropic counting. About total and fecal coliforms counting, 50 and 33.3% of the pasteurized milk samples were above the legal standard (IN 51). About aerobic mesophilic bacteria counting, 2 samples were considered inappropriate. Raw milk presented high aerobic mesophiles counting (>1.0 x10 4 CFU/mL in 3 samples). At liners, we observed that counts increase between the first and the last sampling. The first raw milk and fifth pasteurized milk presented low fat percent (<3.0%). Somatic cells counts were higher than legal standard at five raw and one pasteurized milk samples. It is necessary to improve milk quality by correct milk and cow manageme...

ResumoO Queijo Artesanal Serrano (QAS) é um produto fabricado nos campos de altitude no sul do Brasil, na região compreendida pelos Campos de Cima da Serra. Originalmente, este era um produto excedente, trocado pelos tropeiros por produtos em outras regiões. Atualmente, o queijo pode ser responsável por até 60% da renda das propriedades. O QAS é produzido com leite cru, proveniente de raças bovinas de corte na própria propriedade. Assim, realizou-se um estudo descritivo de revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de descrever o processo produtivo do Queijo Artesanal Serrano e relacioná-lo à qualidade do produto e à segurança alimentar. Considerando a elaboração de um regulamento técnico próprio à produção do QAS, algumas propriedades têm investido na construção de ambientes apropriados para sua produção, visando à qualidade e inocuidade do queijo produzido. A implantação de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias já demonstrou melhora significativa na qualidade do leite utilizado na produção do QAS e está em fase de estudo a implantação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação nas propriedades produtoras.Palavras-chave: queijo, qualidade, produção artesanal. AbstractThe Serrano Handmade Cheese (SHC) is a product manufactured on high altitude fields in southernmost Brazil. This region is formed by northeastern Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina Southern Plateau. Originally, this was a overplus good exchanged for another goods by drovers of this region. Currently, the SHC may be responsible for up to 60% of properties income. The SHC is produced with raw milk from cattle ranching within the property. Thus, was performed a descriptive study of literature review aiming to describe the production process of Serrano Handmade Cheese. A look on product quality and food safety theoretical contribuiton was sought also. Considering the technical regulation development to SHC some properties has build appropriate production environments. Those actions are aiming quality and safety of the cheese made. The implementation of Good Agricultural Practice has shown significant quality improvement of the milk used to produce this cheese. The implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice is under study in these producing properties.