Foram realizados exames microbiológicos de 6315 amostras de leite, obtidas de todos os quartos mamários de 1609 vacas em lactação, originárias de 48 rebanhos localizados na Zona da Mata e Campo das Vertentes do Estado de Minas Gerais. No momento da coleta das amostras foram realizados exames clínicos dos úberes e o Califórnia Mastite Teste (CMT) do leite. Isolaram-se 3919 microrganismos, sendo 3637 de quartos mamários com infecção por um único agente e 283 de infecção mista. As porcentagens dos agentes isolados foram: Staphylococcus aureus, 19,2%, Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negativos (SCN), 12,4%, Streptococcus agalactiae, 6,9%, Streptococcus sp. esculina positivos (ESCPOS), 4,0%, Streptococcus sp. esculina negativos (ESCNEG), 2,1%, Corynebacterium sp., 55,2%, leveduras, 0,1% e Pseudomonas sp., 0,1%. Em 2463 amostras (39% do total) não houve isolamento no exame microbiológico e 216 (3,4%) estavam contaminadas. Corynebacterium sp. foi o microrganismo mais freqüentemente isolado, presente em todos os rebanhos, com porcentagens de quartos mamários infectados que variaram entre 1% e 58,6%. S. aureus foi isolado de 47 rebanhos, 37 deles com até 20% de quartos infectados. S. agalactiae foi isolado em 29 rebanhos (60%) e em 24 deles a média de quartos infectados foi 2,7%. S. aureus, S. agalactiae, SCN, ESCNEG, ESCPOS e Corynebacterium sp. foram isolados de quartos mamários com e sem reação inflamatória (escores positivo e negativo no CMT, respectivamente). O número de isolamentos dos patógenos primários da mastite foi significativamente maior de quartos com escores positivos no CMT, enquanto o número de isolamentos dos patógenos secundários (Corynebacterium sp. e SCN) foi maior em quartos mamários com escore negativo no CMT (P<0,001). Há necessidade de se considerarem quartos mamários com escore negativo no CMT quando forem selecionadas amostras para exames microbiológicos, e vacas negativas no CMT e infectadas por patógenos primários da mastite podem servir de fonte de infecção para outros animais no rebanho. A alta prevalência de S. aureus, S. agalactiae e Corynebacterium sp. sugere que medidas de controle para as mastites contagiosas não estão sendo corretamente aplicadas nos rebanhos estudados.
ABSTRACT:The small-scale goat milk production requires its storage, and such operation is allowed by Brazilian laws. This study aimed at evaluating the cooling and freezing effects on physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of goat milk. However, no variability was verified in average acidity, alcohol stability, density, fat protein, total solids and lactose values after cold storage. Heat instability was not observed in any of the analyzed samples. There was a decreasing tendency in the somatic cell count (SCC) of frozen milk in comparison to fresh and refrigerated milk. The quantification (NMP) of total and thermo-tolerant coliforms varies from < 3 (no growth) to > 1,100 UFC/mL, regardless of the storage method. However, a slightly higher count (p < 0.0001) was observed for total and thermo-tolerant coliforms in the samples kept under refrigeration. In the lactofermentation test, digested, flocculated and grooved clots were observed without establishing a correlation between them and the bacterial count. SCC and microbial count are the criteria adopted when paying for the quality of goat milk, and the storage temperature may affect these criteria.KEYWORDS: goat milk; composition; storage temperature; bacterial indicators; refrigeration; freezing. RESUMO:O leite de cabra é produzido em pequena escala, o que torna necessária sua estocagem, permitida pela legislação brasileira. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbioló-gicas do leite de cabra. Não foi observada variabilidade nos valores médios de acidez, estabilidade ao álcool, densidade, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e lactose após armazenamento sob frio. Não foi observada instabilidade ao calor em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Verificou-se tendência à diminuição na contagem de células somáticas (CSS) no leite congelado em relação ao fresco e ao refrigerado. A quantificação (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes variou de < 3 (ausência de crescimento) à > 1.100 UFC/mL, independentemente do armazenamento. Entretanto, determinou-se contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes significativamente maior (p < 0,0001) nas amostras mantidas sob refrigeração. Na prova de lactofermentação, observaram-se coágulos digeridos, floculosos e sulcados sem estabelecer correlação entre estes e a contagem bacteriana. A CCS e a contagem microbiana são critérios adotados no pagamento pela qualidade no leite caprino, e a temperatura de armazenamento pode influir sobre elas.
Background: Milk is one of the most used foodstuffs by humans in their diet. The quality of goat milk is already regulated by Law, which takes into consideration its physical-chemical and microbiological composition parameters. Several factors contribute for the alteration of the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of caprine milk. These include breed, age, lactation phase and diet, among others. The health status of animals may interfere in the quality of the milk produced, both regarding food safety and milk processing and, for that reason, the identification of mastitis-causing agents is important, so that prevention and control measures can be implemented. The present study aimed at analyzing the occurrence of mastitis and the milk composition of dairy goats in a semi-intensive production system. Materials, Methods & Results:In a private goat farm with a flock composed of 32 female animals of breeds such as Saanen and Anglo-Nubian, raised on a semi-confined system, the diagnosis of mastitis was made through methods such as California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Count (SCC) and bacterial isolation. A total of 136 milk samples were analyzed, which were individualized per teat. Additionally, the study determined the volume of milk produced individually and the chemical composition of milk samples (fat, raw protein, lactose and total solids). In 37 (27.2%) samples, subclinical mastitis caused by CNS was identified. A negative response to CMT was observed in 125 (91.92%) samples. Only four samples presented a coincidence (OR=1.239) between CMT and bacterial isolation (P=0.7470). It was observed that the daily milk production ranged between 207.90 mL and 2.68 L. Moreover, it became clear that the milk production in half of the teats with subclinical mastitis was smaller (P=0.0026). A tendency to a significant reduction (p< 0.001) in the percentage of fat and total solids was verified. The lactose percentage remained stable during the four months, and that of protein showed a tendency to reduction (p<0.001). A great variability in SCC was observed (23,000 to 9,999,000 cel.mL -1 ) during the sampling months. A significant concordance (P<0.001) was determined between a low SCC and the non-bacterial isolation in 65 samples (OR=11.556). Discussion: Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland and, in the majority of cases, it is manifested in its subclinical form, having CNS as its main agent, both in Brazil and in other countries. Methods such as bacterial isolation, SCC and CMT are used for the diagnosis of mastitis. In the present study, no relation among these diagnostic methods has been found. This fact had already been reported in Brazilian literature. The herd configuration may have contributed for the occurrence of mastitis, since this disease is influenced by genetic factors and age. Moreover, its occurrence was higher in Anglo-Nubian females which, in addition to being older and consequently having undergone a higher number of lactations, presented an udder conformation with fragile lig...
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