Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is recognised as a forest species of interest due to its multiple uses. The management of forest genetic resources and their efficient conservation suffer from variations in traits and start with seed germination. The aim of the current study was to investigate the germination of seeds obtained from plus trees selected in eight Romanian provenances, as well as to investigate the influence of the origin upon plants’ growth and development. Two experiments were undertaken to test seed germination: one treatment involved water-soaked seeds and heat/cold treatment, while the other treatment was based on sulphuric acid, at different concentrations (50, 70, 90%). The results were correlated with the morphological analysis of the seeds. Satu-Mare had the lowest germination rate within both treatments. Sulphuric acid did not improve seed germination as much as the heat treatment. The highest germination rate occurred for the water and temperature treatment on seeds from Bihor provenance (68.2%). The most distant provenance was Bihor, in inverse correlation with Bistrița Năsăud and grouped separately within the hierarchical dendrogram of cluster analysis based on the analysed parameters of the provenances investigated. The results demonstrated that the genotypes and environmental heterogeneity of the seed origin within the provenances may finally result in different performances.
were sensitive to all fungicides tested; from north to south, the frequency of sensitive isolates in the regions of Valparaiso, Metropolitana and O'Higgins ranged from 48.15% to 21.1% and 5.88%, respectively. Four hundred and twenty isolates (79%) showed resistance to single or multiple fungicides, 134 (25.4%) were simultaneously resistant to azoxystrobin and pyrimethanil. No fludioxonil-resistant isolates were found, indicating that fludioxonil has great potential for gray mold control in table grapes in Chile. From sixty randomly selected B. cinerea isolates, only the azoxystrobin-resistant isolates carried the G143A point mutation; according to the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene structure, the third intron Bcbi-143/144 was only detected in the azoxystrobin-sensitive isolates. The H272R and H272Y point mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (sdhB) gene were associated only with the boscalid-resistant isolates. The F412S and F412V point mutations were found in the sequenced erg27 gene of randomly selected fenhexamid-resistant isolates. These results contribute to the knowledge of B. cinerea fungicide resistance for table grape vine crops in Central Chile, particularly for the development of multiple-resistance and the associated resistance mechanisms of azoxystrobin, boscalid and fenhexamid-resistant isolate populations. Antiresistance strategies are discussed in a general manner.
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was among the first North-American tree species imported in Europe. In Romania, black locust has established itself as a forest tree appreciated for multiple uses. The objective of the hereby study was to identify a quality planting material at black locust using seeds from trees with superior traits from five stands geographically close, located in North-western of Romania. An empirical selection was done, thus trees with the most favourable traits were selected as plus trees. Among the averages of the main traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, basal area, self pruning trunk length, crown diameter) of the plus trees from the five stands, there were registered significant differences, and two stands stood out with a high biomass growth. Even if the stands had different ages (between 20-35 year), the age did not influence significantly the growth traits of the trees. The seeds of the plus trees (open-pollinated) from all the stands had large size (mean seed weight of 0.057 g/seed). The seedling emergence rate was high, especially in the solarium condition (between 52.7-73.7% compared with 33.0-41.3% in the field). Coefficient of genetic correlation and heritability calculated for the seedlings belongings to half-sib families highlighted that black locust breeding can be extremely effective by a proper selection.
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Background: Human milk fat is the main source of energy for breastfed infants. Milk fat also transports lipid soluble vitamins and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), essential for the proper development of the brain, retina, and other organs. Fatty acids are the only milk lipids that can be altered to any extend by maternal dietary manipulation. Since maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is critical for the newborn, and little information exists regarding the PUFA status of populations living in Southern regions, Objective: To study the relationship between maternal nutrition and the fatty acid composition of human milk.Methods: Milk samples were obtained from mothers of normal nursing infants born at full term; maternal nutritional state was assessed using the body mass index. On this basis, mothers were considered as normal, overweight or obese. Maternal diet was evaluated according to a survey of frequency and quality of the food consumed. Samples of mature milk were obtained by hand expression 3 minutes into a nursing and immediately frozen at -70°C. Protein content was determined by spectrophotometry and total lipids by gravimetry. The fatty acid composition of lipids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography.Results and conclusions: Milk protein was no affected by maternal nutritional status; the total lipid content of milk samples from obese mothers was significantly increased relative to normal or overweight mothers. Of the total n-6 fatty acids, the milk from obese mothers had significant increases in the 18:2 n-6, and of total PUFA relative to the controls. There were no differences in the proportion of fatty acids of the n-3 series. Independently of nutritional status, the ratio n-6/n-3 fatty acids was very high compared with samples from developed countries. This is leading us to devise a strategy for a new dietary approach for nursing mothers. Background: Neocosur is a collaborative international neonatal network created in 1997 to survey the outcome of VLBW infants in South America. Recognition of practices and outcomes variation among NICUs will allow participating centers to evaluate their performance and to select those interventions that may improve neonatal outcomes.Aims: To describe clinical outcomes of VLBW infants admitted in 16 level III NICUs, from five South American Countries (Argentina-Chile-Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay) members of Neocosur.Methods: All live infants with birth weight (BW) between 500 and 1500 g born in the participating centers were included. Biodemographic data and outcome measures were prospectively collected between 10/2000 and 05/ 2004. Data registration was made on line and analyzed by a central database unit.Results: a total of 2,875 VLBW infants were included in the analysis. Mean BW was 1,085Ϯ279 g;, gestational age was 29 weeks Ϯ3). Perinatal information was as follow: 80% of mothers received prenatal care; multiple gestation 18%; antenatal steroids 69%; prenatal antibiotics 36%; 65% of the infants were delivered by cesarean section; 51% were ...
The advances in chemistry have led to use synthetic additives to impart color to dairy products, this due to its high performance. However, the excessive use of additives such as dyes of chemical origin have been causing health problems in consumers, which has contributed to the dairy industry finding a way to reuse pigments that are naturally found in some fruits and vegetables, especially the anthocyanin pigments of blackberry, due to its great industrial and therapeutic importance. During this investigation, two blackberry accessions were used; accession 1: blackberry without thorns, and accession 2: blackberry with thorns, and submitted to two extractions methods for 10 and 12 hours of dehydration. The physicochemical analysis of the raw material was under the control policies. Through sensory analysis, it was determined as the best treatment was the T7 combination (Blackberry without thorns, maceration, dehydrated 10 hours-65°C), able to be applied in fermented beverages (yogurt). In each treatment, the pH and °Brix analysis was under current regulations. In the best treatment, microbiological analyzes such as coliforms, fungi and yeasts were also under the allowed regulations. The extractions of three different solvents (methanol, ethanol and water) were compared with standards to determine the presence of polyphenols, concluding that the chromatographic peaks of the analyzed spectrum belong to polyphenols, from the anthocyanin group cyanidation-3-glucoside and confirmed by a paper chromatography test. Figure 4. Anthocyanin absorption chromatogram peaks spectrum presents in Castilla blackberries second accession Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 704The results obtained in this investigation, using different methodologies for the evaluation of anthocyanins from default, showed that there were no marked differences between the techniques applied; thus, there were similar concentrations of cyanidin-3-glucoside in the peaks 514, 518, 520 (nm), both in the spectrophotometry and in the HPLC, respectively.
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