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ࡗ Ambivalence in the Relationship of Adult Children to Aging Parents and In-LawsThe concept of ambivalence emphasizes the complexity of family relations and the potential for individuals to evaluate relationships as both positive and negative. Using multilevel models, we investigate ambivalence in adult children's relationships with their aging parents and in-laws (N ϭ 1,599). We focus on factors predicting adult children's ambivalence toward parents and inlaws within a gendered kinship structure that shapes these relations. We conclude that ambivalence is a useful concept for representing the complexity of parent-child relationships and is produced within the context of social relations structured by gender and kinship. Results show greater ambivalence among dyads of women, toward in-laws, among those in poor health, for daughters providing assistance, and for adult children with poor parental relations in early life.Understanding intergenerational relations and assistance across the later years has become increasingly important in conjunction with population aging and a lengthening life span. There is a tradition of sociological research that examines relationship quality among multiple generations of family members (

In this study, the authors use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and growth curve models to examine the utility of the concept of cumulative disadvantage as an explanation for race differences in life-course health (self-rated) in the United States. The authors ask whether socioeconomic resources equally benefit the health of Blacks and Whites, or if Whites receive higher rates of return to resources across the life course. The authors find that the relationship differs depending on the indicator of socioeconomic status that is examined. Education does not offer the same advantages for the health of Blacks as it does for Whites, particularly at higher levels of education, and this is compounded with age. In contrast, returns to income and wealth are similar for Blacks and Whites, and these resources remain equally important to protecting the health of Blacks and Whites across the life course. Over time, Blacks are at an increasing health disadvantage relative to Whites, a result that is not attenuated by educational attainment.

Over the course of several decades, prominent sociologists have examined the centrality of ambivalence in human relationships and social institutions (Coser 1966;Merton and Barber 1963;Smelser 1998). Merton and Barber (1963) noted that it is a key component of social statuses, roles, and institutions. More recently, Smelser (1998) argued that the idea of ambivalence is critical to understanding phenomena ranging from social organizations and movements to love and reactions to death. Social phenomena often are experienced as simultaneously positive and negative; in other words, they generate ambivalent sentiments.Recent scholarly exchange has focused on the relevance and utility of ambivalence for addressing the complexity of social relations. This exchange has generated greater interest in the concept and its application (Bengtson et al. 2002;Connidis andMcMullin 2002a, 2002b;Curran 2002;Lüscher 2002). The concept has intuitive appeal, particularly for intimate relations in families, but sociological studies have been challenged by the demanding theoretical and empirical tasks of assessing ambivalent sentiments.In this study we investigate the concept of ambivalence through an empirical analysis of mother-adult child relations. We examine these relations from both members' perspectives to identify factors that increase ambivalent feelings. Ambivalence arises from the interdependent nature of intimate relationships; thus it is essential to study people within the context of their relationships, and to incorporate the perspectives of both mem-

Drawing on the Women's Health Effects Study, a community sample of women (N = 309) who recently left an abusive partner, this study examines patterns of cumulative abuse experiences over the life course, their socioeconomic correlates, and associations with a range of health outcomes. Latent class analysis identified four groups of women with differing cumulative abuse profiles: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Dominant, Child Abuse and IPV, All Forms, and All Forms Extreme. We find a relationship pattern between cumulative abuse and socioeconomic circumstances, and significantly worse health outcomes among women with the All Forms Extreme profile. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

In this study, we advance existing research on health as a life course process by conceptualizing and measuring both childhood disadvantage and health as dynamic processes in order to investigate the relationship between trajectories of early life socioeconomic conditions and trajectories of health in midlife. We utilize a trajectory-based analysis that takes a disaggregated, person-centered approach to understand dynamic trajectories of health as latent variables that reflect the timing, duration and change in health conditions experienced by respondents over a period of 10 years in midlife as a function of stability and change in exposure to economic hardship in early life. Results from repeated-measures latent class analysis of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics indicate that economic hardship in childhood has long-term, negative consequences for health both among individuals beginning life and remaining in poverty as well as those moving into poverty. In contrast, adults with more advantaged early life experiences, or who moved out of poverty during the period of observation, were at a lower risk of experiencing health trajectories characterized by the early onset or increasing risk of disease. We argue that a person-centered, disaggregated approach to the study of the relationship between socioeconomic status and health across the life course holds potential for the study of health inequality and that a greater focus on trajectory-based analysis is needed.

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We utilize over 40 years of prospective data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N = 1,229) and repeated-measures latent class analysis to examine how long-term patterns of stability and change in economic hardship from childhood to adulthood are related to subsequent trajectories of midlife health. We review conceptual and methodological approaches to examining health inequality across the life course and highlight the contribution of a person-centered, disaggregated approach to modeling health and its association with long-term pathways of economic resources, including changing resources associated with mobility. Findings suggest those who experienced early mobility out of economic hardship were less likely than those in persistent economic hardship to experience a high-risk health trajectory, while experiencing later mobility did not lessen this risk. We conclude with a call for further investigation into the role of social mobility and the timing, degree, and direction of change in investigations of health inequality.