Race and Women's Income Trajectories: Employment, Marriage, and Income Security Over the Life Course

Willson, Andrea E.

doi:10.1525/sp.2003.50.1.87

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We combine data from the 1974 to 2004 panels of the General Social Survey (GSS), which span the period when many of these changes in work and family were taking place. It is also important to consider labor market and marital transitions since many of the trends described above vary across race, gender, and social class (Willson 2003).…”

Section: Social Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

2008

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Despite improvements in the status of Blacks and women over the past 30 years, racial and gender disparities in mortality and morbidity persist. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data from 1974 to 2004, the authors explore the extent to which race, gender, and socioeconomic status converge to produce differences in self-assessed health. The intersectionality paradigm is used to guide this work on health disparities. The authors find that the gender gap in self-assessed health has narrowed significantly over this 30-year time period. This decreased gap is especially pronounced because of the marked improvement over time in Black women's reports of their health. However, Black women continue to report the lowest levels of self-assessed health even in 2004. In fact, Black women who hold a college degree report worse health than White men, White women, and Black men with a high school diploma.

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Section: Social Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

2008

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“…Despite an increase in women's labor force participation and laws that protect women's financial interests after divorce, marriage remains a decisive factor for a woman's later-life income (Angel, Jiménez, & Angel, 2007;Harrington Meyer, 1990;Willson, 2003;Willson & Hardy, 2002). In part, this relationship is attributable to retirement and social security policies that have historically favored continuously married women to those who are either divorced or widowed (Harrington Meyer, 1990).…”

Section: Older Women's Income and Marital Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women who remain continuously married have a significant economic advantage in later life. Longitudinal analyses find that women with a continuous history of marriage or employment experience a steeper growth in household income over time compared to women who interrupt employment due to childbearing and those with disrupted marital histories (Willson, 2003). Thus, it is essential to consider the affect of parity and age at first birth within the context of current marital status.…”

Section: Older Women's Income and Marital Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this sample women who were missing on income were more likely to be White, have a college degree, and be married. As in other work (Willson, 2003), to deal with nonresponse on the income measure I imputed missing values using regression techniques. Analyses were run using the imputed values for those with missing data, as well as by dropping cases with missing values and are presented in the Appendix.…”

Section: Measures Dependent Variablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to longer life expectancy, they are likely to spend more years in poverty than are men (Estes, 2004). Despite social policies aimed at decreasing old-age inequality, such as Social Security and Supplemental Security Income programs, research consistently finds that poverty is highly prevalent among older women (Willson, 2003). While many researchers have examined the impact of women's reproductive characteristics on midlife economic circumstance, less attention has been paid to whether this distinct life phase is associated with women's income in later life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Still Penalized? Parity, Age at First Birth and Women's Income in Later Life

Jokinen-Gordon

2012

Journal of Women & Aging

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Despite policies aimed at decreasing old-age income inequality, such as Social Security and Supplemental Security Income, research consistently finds that later-life poverty is highly concentrated among women. While the early-life economic disadvantages of motherhood are well established, little work has examined whether these disadvantages persist into later life. Life course research consistently demonstrates the relationship between early-life choices and later-life inequality, but few studies have examined whether the reproductive phase of a woman's life is associated with her later-life income. Using data from the 2003 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women cohort, this research examines whether women's age at first birth and parity are associated with her later-life income within the context of marriage. From a set of multivariate analyses, I find that despite a marginal statistically significant effect, substantively for the women in this cohort the effects of childbearing are not particularly consequential for later-life income. The results suggest that as women age the economic penalties associated with motherhood are less important to financial well-being than are other factors.

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Widening the View: Capturing “Unobserved” Heterogeneity in Studies of Age and the Life Course

Kelley‐Moore

Lin²

2011

Handbook of Sociology of Aging

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Race and Women's Income Trajectories: Employment, Marriage, and Income Security Over the Life Course

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

Still Penalized? Parity, Age at First Birth and Women's Income in Later Life

Widening the View: Capturing “Unobserved” Heterogeneity in Studies of Age and the Life Course

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