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-This work aims to estimate the average size at the onset of morphological and physiological sexual maturity and the reproductive period of Callinectes danae. Specimens were captured from a shrimp fishing boat equipped with a trawl net from March 2009 to February 2010. After sorting, crabs were sexed, and the following morphometric dimensions were measured: carapace width (CW), length and height of the major (MAP and HMAP), and the minor cheliped propodus (MIP and HMIP) for both sexes, and the abdominal width for females (AW). The onset of morphological maturity was estimated with the REGRANS program, in which the inflection point is calculated. The size at the onset of physiological maturity was determined by logistic regressions fitted to the relationships between the percentages of juvenile and adult individuals of each CW. A total of 893 individuals were sampled. Of these individuals, 389 were males, 472 non-ovigerous females, and 32 ovigerous females. The CW ranged from 19.81 to 117.17 mm for males, 19.91 to 113.11 mm for non-ovigerous females, and 70.55 to 88.60 mm for ovigerous females. Morphological sexual maturity was attained at 86.47 mm CW (males) and 67.87 mm CW (females). The size at the onset of physiological maturity was calculated to be 86.50 mm CW (males) and 67.00 mm CW (females). Due to the closeness of these values, both techniques were deemed suitable for determination of the onset of sexual maturity in C. danae. This species reproduces throughout the year, but reproduction is more intense during the winter. Mature males are present throughout the year. Data from this investigation will help resource managers to develop strategies that will ensure a sustainable harvest of this important species of swimming crab in southern Brazil.

A study on sexual dimorphism in Aegla marginata was conducted using geometric morphometric methods. The carapace of 47 females and 75 males and the left and right cheliped propodus of 29 females and 40 males were analyzed. Eighteen landmarks were established in the carapace and 10 in the cheliped propodus. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis based on landmark configurations was used to separate the components of size and shape. A Student t-test was used to determine whether statistically significant sexual dimorphism was shown by the carapace and the cheliped propodus. The variation in the shape of the structures was evaluated with a discriminant analysis. Our results show that there is no sexual dimorphism in the carapace of A. marginata. However, the size of the propodus differed statistically between the sexes. The carapace shape differed between the sexes: the females showed a wider posterior area and a narrower anterior area than the males. The shape of the cheliped propodus also differed between the sexes: overall, the females had a longer and narrower cheliped propodus than the males. The variations in the carapace shape found in this study confirm the results of other studies on aeglid morphology; however, the information presented by this study regarding variation in the shape of the cheliped propodus is new to the literature. The geometric morphometric approach applied in this study provided useful tools for achieving the proposed objectives.

RESUMO -(Compostos secundários durante a decomposição foliar de espécies arbóreas em um riacho do sul do Brasil). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar os compostos secundários e avaliar o comportamento destes em folhas de Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) Smith e Downs e Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden durante diferentes estágios de decomposição em um riacho de primeira ordem do norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incubadas no riacho folhas das duas espécies, sendo essas retiradas do corpo hídrico após zero, um, 30 e 60 dias para determinação da taxa de decomposição e análise química por cromatografia gasosa. Foi possível identificar 14 compostos em S. commersoniana e 25 em E. grandis. O ácido palmítico foi o composto mais freqüente em ambas as espécies durante o experimento, sendo que a quantidade deste e dos demais compostos identificados variou durante o período estudado. A complexidade química das folhas de E. grandis pode ter influenciado na sua decomposição, que foi mais lenta que a das folhas de S. commersoniana. Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus grandis, qualidade ambiental, Sebastiania commersoniana, vegetação ribeirinhaABSTRACT -(Secondary compounds during leaf decomposition of tree species in a stream in southern Brazil). This work aims to identify the secondary compounds and evaluate their behaviour in Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) Smith and Downs (Euphorbiaceae) and Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (Myrtaceae) leaves during different decomposition stages in a first-order stream in northern Rio Grande do Sul. Leaves of the two species were incubated in the stream and were removed after 0, 1, 30 and 60 days to determine decomposition rate and perform chemical analysis by gas chromatography. Fourteen compounds in S. commersoniana and 25 in E. grandis were identified. Palmitic acid was the most frequent compound in both species throughout the experiment; the amount of this acid and the other compounds varied during the study period. The chemical complexity of E. grandis leaves may have influenced their decomposition, which was slower than that of S. commersoniana leaves.

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ABSTRACT. Sexual dimorphism in Hepatus pudibundus (Crustacea, Decapoda: Brachyura). A study on sexual dimorphism in Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) was performed using geometric morphometrics. The carapace of 28 males and 30 females and the left and right cheliped propodus of 22 males and 26 females were analyzed. Thirteen landmarks were established in the carapace and 10 in the cheliped propodus. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis based on landmark confi gurations was used to separate the components of size and shape. A Student t-test was used to determine the statistically signifi cant sexual dimorphism of the carapace and the cheliped propodus. The variation in the shape of the structures was evaluated with a discriminant analysis. There was sexual dimorphism in the analyzed structures. Males were smaller than females. The carapace of females was larger in the posterior region than in males, indicating an expansion of the area for accommodation of the egg mass. The fi xed fi nger of the cheliped propodus of females is more posteriorly arched that can be used to facilitate the cleaning of eggs laid in the abdominal chamber. Our results provide new information about the development of sexual secondary characters and their eff ects on the shape of the carapace and the cheliped propodus in males and females of H. pudibundus.KEYWORDS. Aethridae, carapace, propodus, geometric morphometrics, morphological variation.RESUMO. Um estudo sobre o dimorfi smo sexual no caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) foi realizado utilizando morfometria geométrica. A carapaça de 28 machos e 30 fêmeas e o própodo dos quelípodos direito e esquerdo de 22 machos e 26 fêmeas foram analisados. Foram estabelecidos 13 marcos anatômicos bidimensionais na carapaça e 10 no própodo para ambos os sexos. Uma Análise Generalizada de Procrustes baseada na confi guração dos marcos anatômicos foi utilizada para separar os componentes de tamanho e de forma. Um Teste-t de Student foi utilizada para determinar a signifi cância estatística do dimorfi smo sexual da carapaça e do própodo dos quelípodos. A variação na forma das estruturas foi avaliada através de uma Análise de Função Discriminante. Houve dimorfi smo sexual na forma e no tamanho das estruturas analisadas. Machos mostraram dimensões menores do que fêmeas. A carapaça das fêmeas foi mais larga na região posterior do que em machos, indicando uma ampliação da área para acomodação da massa de ovos. O dedo fi xo do própodo dos quelípodos das fêmeas está mais voltado para a parte posterior e pode facilitar a limpeza dos ovos fi xados na câmara abdominal. Nossos resultados trazem novas informações sobre o desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários e as suas consequências sobre a forma da carapaça e o própodo dos quelípodos em machos e fêmeas de H. pudibundus.PALAVRAS-CHAVE. Aethridae, carapaça, própodo do quelípodo, morfometria geométrica, variação morfológica.A dimorfismo sexual pode ser definido como diferenças morfológicas entre os sexos que estão relacionados principalmente à seleçã...

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma análise, à luz da Taxionomia revisada de Bloom, de itens de provas escritas de Matemática elaboradas por professores do Ensino Fundamental II e do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas. Esses professores participaram de oficinas que discutiram a temática "avaliação e aprendizagem", projeto de extensão que ocorreu no ano de 2013, e foram convidados a analisar provas escritas que eles mesmos elaboraram. Os resultados apontaram uma prevalência de itens classificados nos níveis mais baixos do domínio cognitivo da Taxionomia (lembrar, entender e aplicar) e uma quase ausência de itens nos níveis mais elevados (analisar, avaliar e criar). Tais resultados corroboram a necessidade de estudos e propostas de formação continuada que oportunizem aos professores repensar: (i) os instrumentos avaliativos que utilizaram (em geral, prioritariamente a prova escrita), (ii) a elaboração das tarefas que propõem (em geral, restritas aos modelos presentes em livros didáticos) e (iii) a sua própria prática avaliativa.Palavras-chave: Avaliação da aprendizagem. Prova escrita. Taxionomia de Bloom. Abstract:This article presents an analysis based on the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy of items of Mathematics written test questions prepared by teachers of Secondary School and High School public school. These teachers participated in workshops that discussed the theme "assessment and learning", a project in 2013 and they were asked to analyze the written test that they prepared. The results showed the prevalence of items classified in the lower levels of the cognitive domain of the Taxonomy (remember, understand and apply) and a near absence of items in the most developed levels (analyze, evaluate and create). These results support the need for studies and continuing education projects that encourages the teachers rethink: (i) the assessment instruments that they use (in general, mainly the written test); (ii) the development of the tasks proposed (generally restricted to "exercises-type" present in textbooks) and (iii) its own assessment practice.

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