RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o crescimento e a composição de filés de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) alimentados com diferentes fontes protéicas, durante 60 dias.Utilizaram-se 540 peixes (peso médio inicial=15,00±0,62g, comprimento total inicial=11,98±0,35cm)
RBE 57 1-6 Revista Brasileira de Entomologia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx w w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m a b s t r a c tThe population dynamics of a species tends to change from the core to the periphery of its distribution. Therefore, one could expect peripheral populations to be subject to a higher level of stress than more central populations (the center-periphery hypothesis) and consequently should present a higher level of fluctuating asymmetry. To test these predictions we study asymmetry in wing shape of five populations of Drosophila antonietae collected throughout the distribution of the species using fluctuating asymmetry as a proxy for developmental instability. More specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) what types of asymmetry occur in populations of D. antonietae? (2) Does the level of fluctuating asymmetry vary among populations? (3) Does peripheral populations have a higher fluctuating asymmetry level than central populations? We used 12 anatomical landmarks to quantify patterns of asymmetry in wing shape in five populations of D. antonietae within the framework of geometric morphometrics. Net asymmetry -a composite measure of directional asymmetry + fluctuating asymmetry -varied significantly among populations. However, once net asymmetry of each population is decomposed into directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry, most of the variation in asymmetry was explained by directional asymmetry alone, suggesting that populations of D. antonietae have the same magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry throughout the geographical distribution of the species. We hypothesize that larval development in rotting cladodes might play an important role in explaining our results. In addition, our study underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between the biology of a species and its geographical patterns of asymmetry.
Die Reaktionen der Alkine (I), (VIII), (XIV), (XIX) und (XXI II) mit CO (VII) in Methanol unter Pd‐Katalyse ergeben die aufgeführten Produkte.
A new, efficient and easy route for the preparation of a series of 2-alkyl(aryl) substituted 4-oxo-4H-pyrido-[1,2-a]pyrimidines, where alkyl = CH 3 ; aryl = C 6 H 5 , 4-FC 6 H 4 , 4-ClC 6 H 4 , 4-BrC 6 H 4 , 4-CH 3 C 6 H 4 , 4-OCH 3 -C 6 H 4 , 4-NO 2 C 6 H 4 in 45 -80 % yield from the reaction of β-alkoxyvinyl trichloromethyl ketones with 2-aminopyridine under mild conditions, is then reported.J. Heterocyclic Chem., 43, 229 (2006).In the last years, the introduction of a trifluoro-or trichloromethyl group into an acyclic or cyclic compound have widely been studied and reviewed [1,2]. Consequently, these new organic structures can bring about remarkable changes in their physical, chemical and biological properties.Recently, we have also reported an addition/elimination sequence leading to trifluoroacetyl and trichloroacetyl acyclic enamines from the reaction of o-phenylenediamine [3], o-aminophenol [4], 1-naphthylamine [5] and S,Sdimethylsulfoximide [6] with 4-alkyl(aryl)-1,1,1-trihalo-4-alkoxyalken-2-ones. The acyclic enaminones, derived from o-phenylenediamine and o-aminophenol, were submitted to in vitro anti-tumor screens. It was observed that the trichloromethylated compounds exhibited a superior activity if compared to trifluoromethylated analog compounds. The best activity was obtained when the structure was derived from o-aminophenol and it presents a trichloroacetyl-and a p-bromophenyl substituent bound at the carbon-2 and -1, respectively [4].β-Alkoxyvinyl trichloromethyl ketones 1 proved also to be useful building blocks for the synthesis of five-, six-, and seven-, member trichloromethylated heterocycles [2] due to the fact that one of the best methods to introduce a trichloromethyl group into heterocycles is based on the trichloromethylated building block approach. This approach relies on the trichloroacetylation of enol ethers or acetals to give, in one step and good yields, the above cited ketones 1. On the other hand, the classical haloform reaction in which the trichloromethyl substituent is a leaving group is well developed [7] and systematic studies, involving the usefulness of the leaving group ability of the trichloromethyl in many synthetic transformations, were reported [2,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, just a few references from the literature report the use of the trichloromethyl substituent as a good leaving group in heterocyclic synthesis [15]. Furthermore, the synthetic strategy involving the ketones 1 and 2-aminopyridine was never applied in attempt to obtain regiospecificaly 2-alkyl(aryl)substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones under relative mild conditions.Although some researches, up to 1951, considered that the heterocycle obtained from the reaction of 2-aminopyridine with ethyl acetoacetate was 4-methyl-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-one, Antaki and Petrow [16] showed (in 1951), that the product was, in fact, the 2-methyl-4-keto isomer. To prove this hypothesis, 2-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one was obtained from the reaction of 2-bromopyridine with ethyl β-amin...
Population and reproductive biology were studied in three populations of the crab Uca burgersi Holthuis, 1967, in the Indaiá, Cavalo and Ubatumirim mangrove forests (Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil). Crabs were collected during low tide (August 2001 through July 2002), by digging the sediment, with a standard capture effort (two persons for 30 min.). Carapace width was measured, and gonad developmental stage was recorded from all specimens. U. burgersi was most abundant in the Cavalo mangrove, where the largest male was found. Juvenile crabs were found year-round at all three sites. However, the ratio of ovigerous females was very low, even null in the Cavalo mangrove. The gonad development rate indicated that U. burgersi was reproducing continuously, but more intensively during spring and summer, with recruitment occurring in winter. The synchrony between the populational and reproductive biology in the three areas showed that local features were not the limiting factors. It is suggested that this species is a habitat generalist. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (Suppl. 1): 55-70. Epub 2007 June, 29.
The real-time operator formalism for thermal quantum field theories, thermofield dynamics, is formulated in terms of a path-integral approach in non-commutative spaces. As an application, the two-point function for a thermal non-commutative λφ 4 theory is derived at the one-loop level. The effect of temperature and the non-commutative parameter, competing with one another, is analyzed.
A study on sexual dimorphism in Aegla marginata was conducted using geometric morphometric methods. The carapace of 47 females and 75 males and the left and right cheliped propodus of 29 females and 40 males were analyzed. Eighteen landmarks were established in the carapace and 10 in the cheliped propodus. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis based on landmark configurations was used to separate the components of size and shape. A Student t-test was used to determine whether statistically significant sexual dimorphism was shown by the carapace and the cheliped propodus. The variation in the shape of the structures was evaluated with a discriminant analysis. Our results show that there is no sexual dimorphism in the carapace of A. marginata. However, the size of the propodus differed statistically between the sexes. The carapace shape differed between the sexes: the females showed a wider posterior area and a narrower anterior area than the males. The shape of the cheliped propodus also differed between the sexes: overall, the females had a longer and narrower cheliped propodus than the males. The variations in the carapace shape found in this study confirm the results of other studies on aeglid morphology; however, the information presented by this study regarding variation in the shape of the cheliped propodus is new to the literature. The geometric morphometric approach applied in this study provided useful tools for achieving the proposed objectives.
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