Peri-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal duration of planned delay before surgery in patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection. This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery during October 2020. Surgical patients with pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with those without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted 30-day mortality rates stratified by time from diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection to surgery. Among 140,231 patients (116 countries), 3127 patients (2.2%) had a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Adjusted 30-day mortality in patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.5% (95%CI 1.4-1.5). In patients with a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, mortality was increased in patients having surgery within 0-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks and 5-6 weeks of the diagnosis (odds ratio (95%CI) 4.1 (3.3-4.8), 3.9 (2.6-5.1) and 3.6 (2.0-5.2), respectively). Surgery performed ≥ 7 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was associated with a similar mortality risk to baseline (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.5 (0.9-2.1)). After a ≥ 7 week delay in undertaking surgery following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with ongoing symptoms had a higher mortality than patients whose symptoms had resolved or who had been asymptomatic (6.0% (95%CI 3.2-8.7) vs. 2.4% (95%CI 1.4-3.4) vs. 1.3% (95%CI 0.6-2.0), respectively). Where possible, surgery should be delayed for at least 7 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with ongoing symptoms ≥ 7 weeks from diagnosis may benefit from further delay.

SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Since surgical patients are already at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than general populations, this study aimed to determine if patients with peri-operative or prior SARS-CoV-2 were at further increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We conducted a planned sub-study and analysis from an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of elective and emergency patients undergoing surgery during October 2020. Patients from all surgical specialties were included. The primary outcome measure was venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) within 30 days of surgery. SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was defined as peri-operative (7 days before to 30 days after surgery); recent (1-6 weeks before surgery); previous (≥7 weeks before surgery); or none. Information on prophylaxis regimens or pre-operative anti-coagulation for baseline comorbidities was not available. Postoperative venous thromboembolism rate was 0.5% (666/123,591) in patients without SARS-CoV-2; 2.2% (50/2317) in patients with peri-operative SARS-CoV-2; 1.6% (15/953) in patients with recent SARS-CoV-2; and 1.0% (11/1148) in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with peri-operative (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 (95%CI 1.1-2.0)) and recent SARS-CoV-2 (1.9 (95%CI 1.2-3.3)) remained at higher risk of venous thromboembolism, with a borderline finding in previous SARS-CoV-2 (1.7 (95%CI 0.9-3.0)). Overall, venous thromboembolism was independently associated with 30-day mortality ). In patients with SARS-CoV-2, mortality without venous thromboembolism was 7.4% (319/4342) and with venous thromboembolism was 40.8% (31/76). Patients undergoing surgery with peri-operative or recent SARS-CoV-2 appear to be at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism compared with patients with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment are unknown in this cohort of patients, and these data should be interpreted accordingly.

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Objective: EDs in Indonesia face an unprecedented increase in patient influx after the expansion of national health insurance system coverage. The present study aims to describe EDs' characteristics and capabilities utilisation in Jakarta. Methods: An ED inventory was created from the Jakarta Provincial Health Office and the Indonesian Hospital Association registries. The EDs that were accessible to the general public 24/7 were surveyed about their characteristics during the calendar year 2017. For further ED analysis, we stratified the hospitals into four types (A, B, C and D) based on their size and capabilities, with type A being the largest. Results: From the 118 (81%) out of 146 EDs that responded, there were 2 million ED visits or 202 per 1000 people. The median annual visit volume was 11 200 (interquartile range 4233-18 000). Further stratification highlights the annual visit difference among hospital types where type A hospitals reported the most with 32 000 (interquartile range 13 459-38 873). Almost half of the EDs (47%) answered that ≥60% of the inpatient census came from the ED. Less than half of the EDs (44%) can manage psychiatry, oral-maxillofacial and plastic surgery cases. Consultant coverage varied across hospitals and by hospital type (P < 0.05), except for general surgery and obstetrics and gynaecology consultants who were available in most hospitals (74%). Conclusion: Physicians with limited experience and EDs with heterogeneous emergency care capabilities likely threatened the consistency of quality emergency care, particularly for time-sensitive conditions. Our study provides a benchmark for future improvements in emergency care.

Latar Belakang: Prevalensi kelelahan secara global bervariasi antara 2,36-75,7%. Kelelahan merupakan konsekuensi yang dapat dialami oleh peserta Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Fakultas Kedokteran Universitasi Indonesia (FKUI) selama menjalami proses pendidikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kelelahan pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI/RSCM setelah bertugas selama 24 jam di RSCM dengan menggunakan penilaian FAS, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode: Metode penelitian adalah studi potong lintang dan acak. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 36 subjek peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI tahap paripurna, mandiri dan magang selama periode penelitian. Subjek diberikan kuesioner berisi pertanyaan mengenai faktor yang dapat memengaruhi tingkat kelelahan. Kelelahan secara subjektif diukur dengan Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) setelah peserta PPDS bekerja di Rumah Sakit dr.Cipto Mangunkussumo (RSCM) selama ≥ 24 jam. Hasil: Sebanyak 55,6% peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif mengalami kelelahan seetelah bekerja di RSCM selama > 24 jam, dengan rerata skor kelelahan berdasarkan FAS adalah 23,6±4,2 yang berada diatas titik potong skor kelelahan dari FAS yaitu > 22. Kelelahan fisik memiliki rerata nilai yang lebih besar (15,19±2,7) dibandingkan dengan kelelahan mental (10,61±2,2) dengan perbedaaan yang bermakna (p<0.01).  Kelelahan pada peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI tidak dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik, gaya hidup dan karakteristik pekerjaan. Kesimpulan: PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif mengalami kelelahan fisik pasca bekerja selama >24 jam di RSCM. Kelelahan tersebut tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor gaya hidup dan pola kerja.

iskemik akut dalam mendapatkan terapi secara segera agar luaran yang didapatkan efektif dan maksimal. RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Universitas Indonesia merupakan dua rumah sakit pendidikan dengan latar belakang, sumber daya, sarana prasarana, dan kondisi yang berbeda dalam penerapan sistem code stroke. Tulisan ini membandingkan sistem code stroke pada kedua rumah sakit meliputi tenaga kesehatan IGD, biaya dan cakupan fasilitas, pemeriksaan pencitraan diagnosis stroke, pengusul sistem code stroke, ruang observasi, ketersediaan lab kateterisasi, dan komunikasi tim sistem code stroke. Sistem code stroke dapat diterapkan pada berbagai rumah sakit dengan menyesuaikan kondisi rumah sakit masing-masing dengan cara memaksimalkan kelebihan yang ada untuk melengkapi kekurangan dari rumah sakit tersebut. Kata kunci: Code stroke, rumah sakit, stroke iskemik, trombektomi, trombolisis

Abstrak Latar Belakang: Penanganan nyeri yang tidak adekuat mencetus respon stress dan biokimia dan menyebabkan gangguan fungsi metabolisme, kardiovaskular, pulmoner, neuro-endokrin, gastrointestinal, dan imunologi. Asetaminofen merupakan obat analgetika yang paling sering digunakan untuk menangani nyeri derajat ringan-sedang. Metamizol juga telah banyak digunakan sebagai obat analgetika yang efektif untuk nyeri pasca-bedah. Namun, penggunaan metamizol tidak sepopuler asetaminofen di Indonesia. Di RSUPN dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo, penggunaan asetaminofen intravena sebagai analgetika pascabedah direstriksi berdasarkan formularium nasional. Metode: Penelitian uji klinik acak tersamar ganda dilakukan untuk menilai efektivitas  metamizol 15 mg/KgBB IV dan  asetaminofen 15 mg/KgBB IV untuk analgesia pascabedah di bawah umbilikus pada pasien pediatrik. Enam puluh empat subjek penelitian memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian, dirandomisasi menjadi dua kelompok. Subjek mendapatkan regimen analgetika asetaminofen 15 mg/KgBB IV atau metamizol 15 mg/KgBB IV sesuai kelompok randomisasi di akhir pembedahan. Pemberian regimen analgetika diulang setiap 8 jam dalam 24 jam pertama pasca-bedah. Dilakukan penilaian skala FLACC saat istirahat dan bergerak pada saat pasien pulih sadar, jam ke-4, jam ke-6, jam ke-12, dan jam ke-24 pascabedah. Dilakukan pula pencatatan kebutuhan fentanil, saat pertama pasien membutuhkan fentanil, dan efek samping yang timbul selama 24 jam pertama pascabedah. Hasil:  Skala FLACC pada saat istirahat maupun bergerak tidak berbeda bermakna antar kedua kelompok pada setiap pengukuran. Terdapat 4 dari 32 subjek yang membutuhkan fentanil rescue pada kelompok asetaminofen dengan saat pertama membutuhkan fentanil rescue berkisar antara 300 hingga 700 menit pascabedah. Simpulan: Metamizol 15 mg/kgBB IV tidak lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan asetaminofen 15 mg/kgBB IV untuk analgesia pascabedah di bawah umbilikus pada pasien pediatrik.   Kata Kunci: Asetaminofen; analgesia multimodal; metamizol; nyeri; pascabedah di bawah umbilikus; pediatrik

Background The first wave of COVID-19 in 2020 created massive challenges in providing safe surgery for pediatric patients with COVID-19. Inevitably, emergency surgery and the unknown nature of the disease place a burden on the heavily challenged surgical services for pediatrics in a developing country. Lessons from the pandemic are important for future disaster planning. Aim To describe the characteristics of pediatric surgical patients with COVID-19 undergoing emergency surgery during the first wave and its perioperative narrative in a developing country. Methods The study was a multicenter retrospective descriptive study in eight Indonesian government-owned referral and teaching hospitals. The authors reviewed confirmed COVID-19 pediatric patients (≤18 years old) who underwent surgery. Institutional review board clearances were acquired, and data were evaluated in proportion and percentages. The writing of this paper follows the STROBE guidelines. Results About 7791 pediatric surgical cases were collected, 73 matched the study criteria and 24 confirmed cases were found. Cases were more common in females (58.3%), who were above 12 years old (37.5%) and who were asymptomatic (62.5%). Laparotomy (33.3%), general anesthesia (90.4%) and intubation (80.8%) were common, while use of video laryngoscopy (40%) and rapid sequence intubation (28.8%) were rare. The mean length of stay was 12 ±13.3 days, and in-hospital mortality was 8.3%. Discussions Lockdown and school closure were successful in protecting children, hence the low incidence of pediatric surgical cases with COVID-19 during the first wave. Many hospitals were unprepared to perform surgery for a droplet or airborne infectious disease, and COVID-19 testing was not available nationally in the early pandemic, hence the use of protective protection equipment  during these early pandemic times are often not efficient. Conclusion The incidence of COVID-19 in pediatric surgical patients is low. The rapidity and availability of preoperative testing for a new emerging disease are essential in a pandemic.