Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a relação de causalidade entre renda e saúde, buscando controlar as potenciais diferenças dessa relação ao longo do território brasileiro. Para tanto, três testes de causalidade de Granger para dados em painel, propostos respectivamente por Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988), Granger e Huang (1997) e Hurlin (2005, 2007), são aplicados para uma base de dados com os estados brasileiros, no períodocompreendido entre 1981-2007. Os principais resultados mostram que as conclusões podem ser enganosas quando são baseadas em testes com uma estrutura homogênea nos parâmetros. E assim, o teste proposto por Hurlin (2005, 2007), que controla os diferentes tipos de heterogeneidade, aponta que, no Brasil, as evidências são mais claras para causalidade no sentido da saúde para a renda.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os determinantes socioeconômicos do estado de saúde das crianças do Brasil rural por meio dos dados da PNAD 2008. Para tanto, foram utilizados os modelos probit e probit ordenado. Os principais resultados mostram que fatores como melhor saúde dos pais, maior nível de renda, maiores níveis de informação, acesso à água de melhor qualidade, além de políticas públicas como o Programa Saúde da Família se relacionam positivamente com a saúde das crianças. Além do impacto negativo das condições socioeconômicas precárias sobre a saúde na infância, sabe-se que a pior saúde infantil pode gerar, no futuro, novas condições socioeconômicas precárias para estas crianças. Deste modo, este círculo pode ser um mecanismo de perpetuação da pobreza.Portanto, políticas públicas que afetem a saúde na infância podem ser bastante benéficas para a população
This study aims to analyze the socioeconomic determinants of children's individual health state in the countryside of Brazil, using data from PNAD 2008. Probit and ordered probit were used in the analysis. Main results show that elements, such as better health of parents, higher income, higher information levels, access to high quality water, besides governmental policies, such as ProgramaSaúde da Família,are positively related with children's health. Besides the negative effect of the poor socioeconomic conditions on health in childhood, it is known that worse health in childhood can generate, in the future, new poor socioeconomic conditions forthese children. Thus, this circle could be a mechanism of poverty perpetuation. Therefore, governmental policies which affect children's health in a positive way can promote favorable resultsfor the population

In this paper, we analyse the patterns and trends of horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil in the past 30 years and their effect on the quality of the country's institutions. Using data from the last four demographic censuses (1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010), we estimate numerous measures to analyse inequalities between different 'ethnic' groups. Our results show that, in Brazil between 1980 and 2010, the trend toward greater equality shown in other analyses of vertical inequality, is also found in terms of horizontal inequalities along racial, gender, and regional lines. Nevertheless, horizontal inequalities in terms of race and gender, in particular, remain pronounced. Ethnic diversity regarding race and religion has increased since 1980. Through our regression analysis, we note that both horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity negatively affect the institutional quality of Brazilian municipalities.

The Brazilian Unified Health System was created in the late 1980s to ensure free universal access to health care and was funded by taxes and social contributions. The persistent inequity in access to health services in favour of richer individuals in Brazil has been observed in the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no measurement of inequality in medicine use or private health insurance (PHI) among children has been performed with longitudinal data. This paper uses inequality indices and their decompositions to analyse the income-related inequalities/inequities in children's health care in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, using longitudinal data following children from 12 to 72 months of age. Our sample with data in all waves has between 1877 and 2638 children (varying according to outcome). We seek to answer three questions: i) How does the inequality/inequity in health care evolve as children grow up? ii) What are the main factors associated with inequality in children's health care? iii) How much of the change in inequality/inequity is explained by mobility in children's health care and income mobility? We found that inequities in health care have their beginnings in early childhood but that there was a reduction in inequity at 72 months of age. Ownership of children's PHI was associated with greater pro-rich inequity in health care. The reduction in inequality/inequity was linked to mobility in the sense that initially poorer children had greater gains in health care (a greater increase in PHI ownership and a lower reduction in medicine use). Despite this improvement among the poorest, apparently, the Brazilian public health service seems to fail to ensure equity in health care use among children, with possible long-term consequences on inequalities in health.

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The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.

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