Resumo A escassez de profissionais do campo das ciências naturais e engenharias atinge diversos países. No Brasil, uma das causas para esse fenômeno é a alta evasão de estudantes de cursos de ensino superior dessa área. Em função dos cursos das instituições públicas e de parte significativa dos empréstimos e bolsas de estudo ofertadas no ensino privado serem custeados por recursos governamentais, torna-se importante avaliar os motivos que causam o elevado abandono. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar variáveis que influenciam na evasão. O método utilizado é o de Análise de Sobrevivência, por meio das bases de dados do Censo da Educação Superior dos anos de 2009 a 2014. Como resultado, percebe-se que a evasão é maior nas instituições privadas. Ser homem e ter mais idade diminui o tempo de vida do indivíduo no ensino superior, enquanto que alunos contemplados com apoio financeiro apresentam uma maior retenção.

ResumoO presente estudo analisa a evolução da produtividade do setor de serviços focando na relação entre estrutura e crescimento. A partir das informações das Contas Nacionais e da Pesquisa Anual de Serviços e do uso de decomposições para explorar a dinâmica da produtividade, os resultados mostram que o setor de serviços é um setor com alta produtividade. No período de 2002 a 2009, a evolução da produtividade desse setor foi positiva com um desempenho superior ao da indústria de transformação desde 1996. Não há evidências favoráveis para a existência da doença de custos no Brasil e tanto na indústria como nos serviços, não se verificou uma associação positiva entre mudanças na estrutura e ganhos de produtividade, o chamado bônus estrutural.Palavras-chave: Serviços; Produtividade; Doença de custos. AbstractThis work aimed to evaluate the evolution of the service sector productivity focusing on the relationship between structure and growth. Information from the National Accounts and from the Annual Services Survey (PAS in Portuguese) was used, as well as decompositions to investigate productivity dynamics. The results show that the service sector is a sector with high productivity. Productivity growth in services was positive from 2002 to 2009 and since 1996 its performance was superior to manufacturing. There is no evidence supporting the existence of the cost disease in Brazil and neither in industry nor in services a positive relation between changes in the structure and productivity gains, known as structural bonus was found.

This study aims to evaluate the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos) in terms of the provision of physicians, presenting estimates of its impact on hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. The differences-in-differences method was used with propensity score matching (double difference matching), using 3 specifications, a falsification test, and also a dynamic endogeneity test to confirm the robustness of the results. For the application of this methodology, a panel of municipal data was constructed covering several variables related to socioeconomic, demographic, and public health infrastructure characteristics in the cities for the period from 2010 to 2016. The results show a significant reduction in hospital admissions in treated municipalities with an increasing and perceptible effect in the second year of the program.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a relação de causalidade entre renda e saúde, buscando controlar as potenciais diferenças dessa relação ao longo do território brasileiro. Para tanto, três testes de causalidade de Granger para dados em painel, propostos respectivamente por Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988), Granger e Huang (1997) e Hurlin (2005, 2007), são aplicados para uma base de dados com os estados brasileiros, no períodocompreendido entre 1981-2007. Os principais resultados mostram que as conclusões podem ser enganosas quando são baseadas em testes com uma estrutura homogênea nos parâmetros. E assim, o teste proposto por Hurlin (2005, 2007), que controla os diferentes tipos de heterogeneidade, aponta que, no Brasil, as evidências são mais claras para causalidade no sentido da saúde para a renda.

BackgroundThe present study aimed to examine the impact of socioeconomic, demographic, and health status-related factors on out-of-pocket expenditure on health care for children.MethodsData were obtained from a birth cohort study conducted in the city of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, in 2004. The final sample is a result of adjusts made in order to keep in the analysis only those that attended to 3 follow-ups (at 12, 24 and 48 months of age). Estimates were carried out using the Panel Data Tobit Model with random effects.ResultsThe study showed that expenditure on medicines was 20 % less likely in those considered healthy children by their mothers and, if there was any expenditure with healthy children, the expected expenditure was reduced by 58 %. A 1 % increase in household income increased the expected expenditure on medicines by 16 %, and by 23 % in children with private health insurance coverage.ConclusionsAll types of health care expenditures examined were higher for children covered by private health insurance. Although total health care expenditure was higher for children of better-off families, it represented a lower share of these families’ income evidencing income inequality in health care expenditures.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0180-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health in Brazil. METHODS:The analysis of the impact of employment and income on mortality in Brazil was based on panel data from Brazilian states between 1981 and 2002. Mortality rates obtained from the national mortality database was used as a proxy for health status, whereas the variables employment, income, and illiteracy rates were used as proxies for macroeconomic and socioeconomic conditions. Static and dynamic models were applied for the analysis of two hypotheses: a) there is a positive relationship between mortality rates and income and employment, as suggested by Ruhm; b) there is a negative relationship between mortality rates and income and employment, as suggested by Brenner. RESULTS:There was found a negative relationship between mortality rates (proxy for health) and macroeconomic conditions (measured by employment rate). The estimates indicated that the overall mortality rate was higher during economic recession, suggesting that as macroeconomic conditions improved, increasing employment rates, there was a decrease in the mortality rate. The estimate for the relationship between illiteracy (proxy for education level) and mortality rate showed that higher levels of education can improve health. CONCLUSIONS:The results from the static and dynamic models support Brenner's hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between mortality rates and macroeconomic conditions. empirical studies support the hypothesis that times of downturn and economic instability have a negative impact on people's health status, increasing the overall mortality as well as mortality due to specifi c causes such as cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, suicides, homicides, among others. The author also suggests there is increased morbidity, for instance, measured by increased rates of diseases associated to the consumption and dependence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances, such as stress and depression, or even due to external causes such as urban violence and traffi c accidents. DESCRIPTORS:In contrast, Ruhm has recently postulated 15-17 that economic downturns with higher unemployment favor an improvement in health and consequent reduction in mortality. This phenomenon may be explained by the fact that unemployed individuals during recessions have more time for leisure and develop healthy habits.Although the arguments supporting both hypotheses are reasonable, Ruhm's hypothesis does not make much sense in the epidemiology fi eld, since it recommends promoting recessions to improve public health. For purposes of economic policy, the evidence presented by Brenner is less counter-intuitive. However, inconsistencies between both hypotheses are not relevant as both can be supported by data.Empirical evidence supporting Brenner's hypothesis has been gathered from the analysis of time series data in a specifi c region (e.g., the United States) while Ruhm's hypothesis has been supported by evidence gathered from panel data models (that ...

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os diferenciais de salários por gênero na indústria avícola da Região Sul do Brasil, tendo como base as informações da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) de 1998. Para tanto, a decomposição de Oaxaca (1973) é empregada para mensurar as diferenças de salários entre trabalhadores homogêneos quanto à educação e ocupação. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que a discriminação que ocorre no mercado de trabalho como um todo também está presente nessa indústria, ou seja, encontraram-se evidências da existência de diferenciais de salários favoráveis aos homens.Palavras chave: diferencial de salários, decomposição de Oaxaca, gênero.Classificação JEL: J71, D82. Sociais -RAIS of 1998 was used. To measure the difference between the homogeneous workers as education and occupation it was used the * O Autor agradece aos referees pelos comentários e sugestões, reconhecendo a responsabilidade pelos eventuais erros remanescentes. Abstract: This paper examines the wage differentials by gender in the poultry industry from South Region of Brazil. The Relação Anual de Informações

The Brazilian Unified Health System was created in the late 1980s to ensure free universal access to health care and was funded by taxes and social contributions. The persistent inequity in access to health services in favour of richer individuals in Brazil has been observed in the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no measurement of inequality in medicine use or private health insurance (PHI) among children has been performed with longitudinal data. This paper uses inequality indices and their decompositions to analyse the income-related inequalities/inequities in children's health care in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, using longitudinal data following children from 12 to 72 months of age. Our sample with data in all waves has between 1877 and 2638 children (varying according to outcome). We seek to answer three questions: i) How does the inequality/inequity in health care evolve as children grow up? ii) What are the main factors associated with inequality in children's health care? iii) How much of the change in inequality/inequity is explained by mobility in children's health care and income mobility? We found that inequities in health care have their beginnings in early childhood but that there was a reduction in inequity at 72 months of age. Ownership of children's PHI was associated with greater pro-rich inequity in health care. The reduction in inequality/inequity was linked to mobility in the sense that initially poorer children had greater gains in health care (a greater increase in PHI ownership and a lower reduction in medicine use). Despite this improvement among the poorest, apparently, the Brazilian public health service seems to fail to ensure equity in health care use among children, with possible long-term consequences on inequalities in health.