We evaluated the feeding of fish species of the Nova Avanhandava Reservoir, low Tietê River, São Paulo State, Brazil. Fishes were collected in two stretches of the reservoir: Santa Bárbara (14 samples) and Bonito (two samples) between September 2002 and March 2004, using gill and seining nets. The results of stomach contents analysis were expressed with the frequency of occurrence and gravimetric method, combined in the Alimentary Index (AI). The 20 species studied consumed 52 food items, grouped in 10 food categories: aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, crustaceans, fish, macroinvertebrates, microcrustaceans, algae, vegetal matter, detritus/sediment and scales. The aquatic insects (mainly Chironomidae, Odonata and Ephemeroptera) were the most common food resources, consumed by 18 species. The diet composition of the community (species grouped) indicated that the dominant food category in the diet of fishes was aquatic insects (AI = 77.6%), followed by crustaceans (AI = 7.1%). Four trophic guilds were identified according a cluster analysis (Pearson distance): insectivorous (10 species), omnivorous (4 species), detritivorous (3 species) and piscivorous/carcinophagous (3 species). Despite the highest number of species, the insectivorous guild was responsible for more than 80% in captures in number and biomass (CPUEn and CPUEb). The low values of niche breadth presented by all species, along with the low values of diet overlap between species pairs indicate a high degree of food resources partitioning among species. The aquatic insects, despite being the main food resource of insectivorous fishes, also complemented the diet of other species, which demonstrate the importance of this food resource for the fish community, sustaining a high diversity, abundance and biomass of fishes.Neste estudo foi avaliada a dieta das espécies de peixes do reservatório de Nova Avanhandava, baixo rio Tietê, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados em dois trechos do reservatório: trecho Santa Bárbara (14 coletas) e trecho Bonito (duas coletas) entre setembro de 2002 e março de 2004, utilizando-se de redes de espera e arrasto. Os resultados das análises de conteúdo estomacal foram expressos em frequência de ocorrência e método gravimétrico, combinados no Índice Alimentar (IAi). As 20 espécies analisadas consumiram um total de 52 itens, agrupados em 10 categorias alimentares: insetos aquáticos, insetos terrestres, crustáceos, peixes, macroinvertebrados, microcrustáceos, algas, material vegetal, detrito/sedimento e escamas. Os insetos aquáticos (principalmente Chironomidae, Odonata e Ephemeroptera) foram o recurso alimentar mais comum na dieta, consumido por 18 espécies. A análise da dieta da comunidade (espécies agrupadas) revelou que a categoria alimentar dominante foi insetos aquáticos (IAi = 77.6%), seguida pelos crustáceos (IAi = 7.1%). Quatro guildas tróficas foram identificadas pela análise de agrupamento (distância de Pearson): insetívoros (10 espécies), onívoros (4 espécies), detritívoros (3 espécies) e piscívor...

Non-native species are a major driver of biodiversity loss. Aquaculture activities play a key role in introductions, including the escape of fishes from fish farm facilities. Here, the impact of flooding due to El Niño rains in 2015/2016 in the Lower and Middle Paranapanema River basin, southern Brazil, was investigated by evaluating fish escapes from 12 fish farms. The flooding resulted in the escape of approximately 1.14 million fishes into the river, encompassing 21 species and three hybrids. Non-native species were the most abundant escapees, especially Oreochromisniloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Coptodonrendalli (Boulenger, 1897) (96% of all fish). Only seven native fishes were in the escapee fauna, comprising 1% of all fish. Large floods, coupled with inadequate biosecurity, thus resulted in considerable inputs of non-native fish into this already invaded system.

19Understanding the pathways and impacts of non-native species is important for helping 20 prevent new introductions and invasions. This is frequently challenging in regions 21 where human activities continue to promote new introductions, such as in Brazil, where 22 aquaculture and sport fishing are mainly dependent on non-native fishes. Here, the non-23 native fish diversity of the Paranapanema River basin of the Upper Paraná River 24 Ecoregion, Brazil was quantified fully for the first time. This river has been subject to 25 considerable habitat alteration through hydroelectric dam construction and concomitant 26 development of aquaculture and sport fishing. Through compilation of a non-native fish 27 inventory by literature review, with complementary records from recent field studies, 28

The Paranapanema River is an important, extensively explored tributary of the Upper Paraná River basin. The fish fauna of the Paranapanema River has been investigated since the 1990s; however, no study has characterized the richness of fish species throughout the basin, including the main channel of the river, marginal lagoons, its tributaries, and sub-tributaries. Thus, we performed a review with 90 independent studies conducted at the upper, middle, and lower sections of the basin. We recorded 225 species, of which 165 were native, and 60 were non-native. We found that 77% of the species within the basin are composed by Siluriformes and Characiformes. Cichliformes had a significant number of non-native species established in impoundment sections of the basin. Incidence-Based Estimators (Bootstrap and Chao 2) demonstrated that the richness of native species is still underestimated. Some native (e.g., Hypostomus ancistroides) and non-native species (e.g., Plagioscion squamosissimus) are widely distributed in the basin, while others had a more restricted distribution. Among the registered species, the family Bryconidae had the highest number of representatives with threatened conservation status. In addition, we observed that the Capivara Reservoir and its tributaries were the most sampled regions, with the majority of studies performed in the Lower Paranapanema basin. The species richness recorded in large tributaries, such as Tibagi, Cinzas, Congonhas, and Pirapó rivers is critical for maintaining the fish fauna in the Paranapanema River. Our contribution may be used to support management actions and conservation strategies, as well as to indicate regions in the basin that need to be better inventoried.

Brazil is a megadiverse country and is participant of fundamental environmental agreements for biodiversity conservation. However, the internal politics and the cultures that affect negatively the ecological integrity in Brazilian freshwater need to be improved on the condition of sustainable management. Scientific community, the government and stakeholders are in constant conflicts of goals. Meanwhile, the current model for Brazilian aquaculture shows problems of ecological impact due to the lack of appropriated planning and legislation to the aquatic biota. The non‐recognition of sustainable census incorporated in its environmental politics reflects in an archaic and unsustainable management, with the following characters: a non‐specific approach for technical management, the indiscriminate use of interspecific hybrids and non‐native species and the lack of skilled labour. The potential impact on native species and the introduction of pathogens are the main negative effects on aquatic biota. This way, the aim of this article is to elucidate the conflicts of interests and ecological effects of fish aquaculture in Brazil, besides providing good practices and sustainable alternatives for management.

O aquarismo é um hobby praticado mundialmente com aumento de popularidade no Brasil nas últimas décadas. A soltura de peixes ornamentais em ambientes naturais é equivocada, sendo considerada introdução de espécies e crime ambiental. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se verificar a existência de registros de solturas disponíveis na web, na mídia social Youtube™ no Brasil. A busca por vídeos com situações de soltura ou descarte foi realizada entre julho e dezembro do ano de 2018, totalizando-se 616 horas de busca. Como resultado, obteve-se 48 registros de solturas, sendo as mais incidentes as regiões do Sudeste, Nordeste e Sul. São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro foram os Estados com maior número de registros. Registrou-se 33 táxons de peixes (18 gêneros e 15 espécies) e dois híbridos, sendo muitas delas espécies invasoras. A maioria dos praticantes não tem conhecimento sobre a ilegalidade do ato ou a possibilidade de impacto ambiental. O perigo das solturas ornamentais quanto à oportunidade de invasão biológica, a pressão de propágulo empregada e os conceitos equivocados sobre ecologia abordados nos vídeos são discutidos. Sugere-se a conscientização dos aquaristas e maior controle sobre o hobby, sendo as redes e mídias sociais uma nova ferramenta para os órgãos fiscalizadores detectarem distúrbios que possam prejudicar os ambientes naturais.

Several studies of small watersheds of in the Upper Paraná River basin are currently available. However, the number and extent of its tributary streams still pose a challenge to enhancing current knowledge of their ichthyofauna. This study aimed to survey the fish fauna of three streams of the Lower Paranapanema River basin, state of Paraná, Brazil (Capim, Tenente and Centenário streams). The sampling included 3,167 specimens belonging to five orders, 17 families and 56 species. The streams presented differences in species richness (Centenário Stream: 41 species; Tenente Stream: 33 species; Capim Stream: 30 species). Two species occurred at all collection sites (Astyanax bockmanni and Hypostomus ancistroides). Nine non-native species were recorded, four of them found exclusively in the Centenário Stream.

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