Background Chemotherapy is an effective treatment with good clinical response in patients with cancer. However, it can cause exacerbated toxicities in patients and consequently change the course of treatment. Some factors may interfere with this toxicity such as body composition, especially in gastrointestinal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of body composition, nutritional status, and functional capacity scale in predicting the occurrence of toxicities in gastrointestinal cancer patients during chemotherapy treatment. Methods This is a prospective study with gastrointestinal cancer patients at the beginning of chemotherapy treatment. Sarcopenia and muscle attenuation were assessed using the skeletal muscle index from computerized tomography by measuring cross‐sectional areas of the L3 tissue (cm 2 /m 2 ). Cachexia was graded according to involuntary weight loss associated with sarcopenia. Nutritional status was assessed by using anthropometric evaluation and Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Functional capacity was evaluated by handgrip strength and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status scale. Haematological gastrointestinal and dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. The associations among sarcopenia, cachexia, nutritional status, and functional capacity with DLT were assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression model. Results A total of 60 patients were evaluated (55% male, 60.9 ± 14.0 years) and followed up for a mean of 55 days. Most patients had normal weight (44.2%) and good ECOG Performance Status (≤1) at baseline (78%). During the chemotherapy period, the most prevalent toxicities were diarrhoea, nausea, and anorexia, but the presence of DLT was similar between cycles ( P > 0.05). Cachexia was associated with a higher toxicity manifested by diarrhoea ( P = 0.02), nausea ( P = 0.02), and anorexia ( P < 0.01 and P = 0.03 at Cycles 1 and 2, respectively). Sarcopenic and cachetic individuals experienced more toxicities and DLT during chemotherapy. The only factors associated with DLT in the multivariate Cox regression analyses including the presence of metastasis and the chemotherapy protocol were cachexia and the ECOG scale ( P < 0.001 for both). Conclusions Cachexia and ECOG score may identify patients with an increased risk for developing severe toxicity events during chemotherapy treatment for gastrointestinal cancer.

Purpose: To compare the effects of a single high-intensity interval exercise session (HIIE) with a moderate-intensity continuous exercise session (MICE) on the inflammatory profile, IgA levels, and lipid peroxidation in sedentary obese males.Methods: Ten sedentary obese men (age 28.5 ± 2.7 years; BMI 35.9 ± 4.9 kg/m2; body fat 40.6 ± 2.0%) performed three experimental sessions, on separate days with 1 week wash-out period between interventions, according to a randomized order: (1) HIIE: 10 × 60 s at 90% of the HRmax alternated by 60 s of active recovery; (2) MICE: 20 min at 70% of the HRmax; (3) Rest—control. Blood and saliva samples were collected before, immediately after and 60 min after the end of each session in order to analyse serum levels of cytokines, IgA, and lipoperoxidation markers.Results: Leptin levels decreased immediately after HIIE (P = 0.033) and was different from the MICE (P = 0.025). IFN-γ levels were reduced immediately after (P = 0.032) and 60 min after HIIE (P = 0.003) compared to baseline, and it also increased IL-4 levels immediately after exercise (P = 0.007) compared to resting values. MICE promoted an increase in IFN-γ levels immediately after exercise (P = 0.025) and 60 min after exercise (P = 0.004) in relation to baseline. Both exercise conditions increased IL-6 levels up to 60 min after exercise (P < 0.05). The IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio decreased immediately after (P = 0.002) and 60 min after HIIE (P = 0.005) in relation to pre-exercise. No changes were found for IgA-S and TBARS for any of the conditions.Conclusion: A single HIIE session is able to decrease IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, indicating an anti-inflammatory response, without alterations in the function of the mucosal immune system and lipoperoxidation. On the other hand, a brief session of MICE induced changes in the pattern of cytokines associated with increased cellular immune function.

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: A nutrição é uma importante ferramenta dentro da prática desportiva. Dentre os nutrientes, os carboidratos destacam-se como uma fonte energética importante. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da resposta glicêmica no desempenho de indivíduos saudáveis, após a ingestão de bebidas com diferentes tipos de carboidratos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 10 voluntários, do sexo masculino, com idade de 23 ± 2,1 anos. Os voluntários preencheram recordatório alimentar de três dias e de atividade física. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e teste de cargas progressivas em cicloergômetro para determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio e limiares ventilatórios. Cada voluntário realizou três testes submáximos na intensidade do 2º limiar ventilatório. Trinta minutos antes de cada teste submáximo, foram ingeridos 250ml de uma das bebidas compostas por: maltodextrina (malto), glicose (glicose), ou suco dietético (placebo). Foram realizadas punções de sangue capilar para determinação dos níveis glicêmicos e lactato sanguíneo. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo na glicemia após 30 minutos do consumo da bebida malto (87,4 ± 11,2 para 116,9 ± 19,6ml.dl¹). Aos 15 minutos do exercício, houve diminuição nos níveis glicêmicos após o consumo das bebidas malto (116,9 ± 19,6 para 77,6 ± 14,5ml.dl¹) e glicose (113,2 ± 23,5 para 81,8 ± 13,1ml.dl¹) em comparação com o placebo. A ingestão da bebida glicose provocou aumento significativo na freqüência cardíaca durante o exercício (167,7 ± 14,2 e 177,1 ± 10,4bpm). O consumo de bebidas com diferentes tipos de carboidratos e de alto índice glicêmico antes do exercício não foi capaz de alterar o desempenho dos voluntários; entretanto, ocasionou alterações na glicemia e na freqüência cardíaca durante o exercício. Embora se especule que oscilações na glicemia durante o exercício possam prejudicar o desempenho em exercícios de longa duração, esse fato não foi verificado em nosso estudo.

During breast cancer treatment, worsening quality of life (QoL) and the presence of toxicities are common, but healthy eating practices are associated with better clinical results. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of a nutritional intervention on QoL and on gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities resulting from chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. A randomized clinical trial was performed at the beginning of neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment for women with breast cancer. All participants received nutritional advice on healthy eating practices, but only the intervention group (IG) received an individualized diet plan. The study enrolled 34 women, 19 in the IG and 15 in the control group (CG). During the study, the CG significantly presented a reduction (from 21.6 ± 5.9 kg to 18.8 ± 4.0 kg, p = 0.009) in handgrip strength (HGS), while the IG did not present changes in this variable. Regarding QoL, the IG preserved the role function during treatment and presented better results for nausea/vomiting and loss of appetite compared to the CG. In gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities, the IG had lower frequencies of leukopenia and abdominal pain. The nutritional intervention preserved the role function of QoL and HGS, reduced the occurrence of nausea/vomiting, loss of appetite and the frequency of leukopenia and abdominal pain.

Background: This study analyzed the effect of walking breaks or low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) on markers of metabolic syndrome relative to a day of prolonged sitting. Methods: Twenty-five adults with excess body fat participated in this crossover trial: (1) 10-hour sitting day (SIT), (2) LV-HIIE followed by a sitting day (EX+SIT), and (3) sitting day with 5-minute walking breaks for every 20 minutes (SIT+WB). Glucose and blood pressure (BP) were measured before and 1 hour after 4 meals and 2 hours after lunch. Triglycerides were measured at baseline, 2, and 3.5 hours after lunch. Generalized mixed models were used to identify differences in the area under the curve (AUC) of BP and incremental AUC (iAUC) of glucose and triglycerides among the sessions. Results: iAUC-glucose was lower in SIT+WB than SIT (β = −35.3 mg/dL·10 h; 95% confidence interval, −52.5 to −8.2). AUC-diastolic BP was lower in SIT+WB than SIT (β = −14.1 mm Hg·10 h; 95% confidence interval, −26.5 to −1.6) and EX+SIT (β = −14.5 mm Hg·10 h; 95% confidence interval, −26.9 to −2.1). There were no differences in triglycerides and systolic BP levels among the sessions. Conclusion: Adults with excess body fat present lower glucose and diastolic BP during a day with breaks in sitting time compared with a prolonged sitting day with or without an LV-HIIE session.

A 5 % weight loss improves lipid profile and reduces inflammation in obese individuals. Endothelial function did not change significantly. Weight loss has a significant impact on these cardiovascular risk factors, and this is independent of physical training.

This study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), appetite and energy intake (EI) in obese men. In a randomized crossover trial, 12 participants (28.4 ± 2.6 years, 35.5 ± 4.5 kg/m2, 39.8 ± 2.2% body fat) performed: (I) Control (CON, no exercise); (II) MICE (20 min, 70% of maximal heart rate) and (III) HIIE (10 × 1 min at 90% of maximal heart rate with 1 min recovery). GLP-1 and appetite were assessed at: (I) PRE: pre-exercise; (II) POST: immediately post-exercise; (III) POST-1 h: 1 h post-exercise. EI was assessed after an ad libitum meal offered 1 h post-exercise and over 24 h. There was a significant time × condition interaction for GLP-1 (p = 0.035). Higher GLP-1 levels in MICE vs. CON (p = 0.024) and a trend for HIIE vs. CON (p = 0.069) POST-1h was found. Hunger was reduced immediately post-HIIE compared to CON (p < 0.01), but was not sustained POST-1 h (p > 0.05). EI did not differ between the sessions 1 h post-exercise or over 24H (p > 0.05). In summary, although MICE increased GLP-1 levels POST-1h and HIIE induced a transient reduction in hunger, both exercise protocols did not impact EI in obese men.

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