The purpose of this catalogue was to combine the available data from publications, theses, databases, and herbarium specimens from around 120 Herbaria, and colections sampled in Brazilian vegetation during the last 15 years to produce the most complete list, as possible as, of Cyperaceae species for Brazil. We catalogued ca. 1,700 names for 678 species in 42 genera occurring in Brazil. These values represent ca. 15 percent of the species and 40 percent of the genera found in the world. Both subfamilies of Cyperaceae are found in Brazil with Cyperoideae being the most diverse at both generic and specific levels. Although lower species were recorded for the tribes Cryptangieae, Sclerieae, and Trilepideae, these tribes represent a much higher percentage of the world's totals for genera and species. The most diverse genera are Rhynchospora (157 spp.), Cyperus (101 spp.), Scleria (82 spp.) and Eleocharis (69 spp.). Fifteen genera have one species in Brazil, although five of them are monospecific. The most species-rich regions in Brazil are the North and Southeast. There are no genera endemic to Brazil. There are, however, around 200 endemic species, of which 40 are in the genus Rhynchospora. Taxonomic and nomenclatural problems found are pointed under the species. For each catalogued species, the principal synonyms, bibliographic references, distribution within Brazil's five regions, vegetation type, and citation of selected material examined are provided.

Xylopia laevigata, popularly known as "meiú" and "pindaíba", is a medicinal plant used in the folk medicine of the Brazilian Northeast for several purposes. The chemical constituents of the essential oil from leaves of X. laevigata, collected from wild plants growing at three different sites of the remaining Atlantic forest in Sergipe State (Brazilian Northeast), were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The effect of the essential oil samples was assessed on tumor cells in culture, as well on tumor growth in vivo. All samples of the essential oil were dominated by sesquiterpene constituents. A total of 44 compounds were identified and quantified. Although some small differences were observed in the chemical composition, the presence of γ-muurolene (0.60-17.99%), δ-cadinene (1.15-13.45%), germacrene B (3.22-7.31%), α-copaene (3.33-5.98%), germacrene D (9.09-60.44%), bicyclogermacrene (7.00-14.63%), and (E)-caryophyllene (5.43-7.98%) were verified as major constituents in all samples of the essential oil. In the in vitro cytotoxic study, the essential oil displayed cytotoxicity to all tumor cell lines tested, with the different samples displaying a similar profile; however, they were not hemolytic or genotoxic. In the in vivo antitumor study, tumor growth inhibition rates were 37.3-42.5%. The treatment with the essential oil did not significantly affect body weight, macroscopy of the organs, or blood leukocyte counts. In conclusion, the essential oil from the leaves of X. laevigata is chemically characterized by the presence of γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene, germacrene B, α-copaene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and (E)-caryophyllene as major constituents and possesses significant in vitro and in vivo anticancer potential.

No abstract

RESUMO -A criação de unidades de conservação nem sempre é determinada por critérios técnicos e/ou socioambientais, comprometendo, assim, sua efetividade na proteção da biodiversidade local. Este estudo analisou a potencialidade do Monumento Natural Grota do Angico, localizado no Alto Sertão do Estado de Sergipe, em relação aos aspectos de paisagem, além de analisar possíveis ameaças, de forma a subsidiar estratégias de conservação para a manutenção da biodiversidade local. Para o estudo foi adaptado um protocolo de avaliação de fragmentos prioritários para a conservação do Cerrado. Os indicadores foram obtidos a partir de estudos feitos no local e de um levantamento das espécies vegetais exóticas invasoras, realizado em uma área de 251 ha, sendo adicionalmente calculado o índice de circularidade para o Monumento. Os valores obtidos pelo protocolo foram considerados típicos de áreas com baixos riscos à conservação. As características do MONA Grota do Angico são pouco satisfatórias para manutenção da diversidade de espécies, apresentando área total pequena em relação a outras áreas, formato alongado e índice de circularidade de apenas 0,17 (de uma escala de 0 a 1). Entretanto, a reserva protege a calha do Baixo São Francisco e na região há mais duas unidades de conservação que fazem parte de um corredor ecológico. As ameaças encontradas, como queimadas, desmatamento, espécies exóticas invasoras e gado, requerem monitoramento. Conclui-se que, de forma geral, o MONA Grota do Angico possui condições de abrigar uma biodiversidade considerável, desde que as ameaças sejam monitoradas e geridas.Palavras-chave: Áreas protegidas; Impactos antrópicos; Planejamento. ASPECTS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN

Essential oils from leaves of Xylopia frutescens (XFMJ) and two specimens of Xylopia laevigata (XLMC and XLSI) were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Sesquiterpenes dominated the essential oils. The main constituents of XFMJ were (E)-caryophyllene (24.8%), bicyclogermacrene (20.8%), germacrene D (17.0%), -elemene (7.9%), and (E)--ocimene (6.8%). XLMC contained significant quantities of germacrene D (18.9%), bicyclogermacrene (18.4%), -elemene (9.5%), -selinene (9.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.5%), germacrene B (5.7%) and -muurolene (5.7%), while germacrene D (27.0%), bicyclogermacrene (12.8%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.6%), -muurolene (8.6%), -cadinene (6.8%), and germacrene B (6.0%) were the main components of XLSI. The essential oils had trypanocidal activity against the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC 50 values lower than 30 µg.mL-1 and 15 µg.mL-1 against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi, respectively, and were also able to reduce the percentage in vitro of T. cruzi-infected macrophages and the intracellular number of amastigotes at concentrations that were non-cytotoxic to macrophages.

A importância do componente herbáceo para o equilíbrio e manutenção da vegetação de Caatinga ainda é pouco evidenciada. Diante deste contexto, se destaca a necessidade da realização de trabalhos que visem contribuir para o conhecimento ecológico da vegetação herbácea. Neste trabalho foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico da comunidade herbácea entre duas estações (chuvosa e seca) em um fragmento de Caatinga, no município de Porto da Folha, Sergipe. A amostragem foi realizada em 25 subparcelas, com 1 x 1 m (1 m 2). Foram analisadas a composição florística, a estrutura fitossociológica e a diversidade, além das formas de vida de Raunkiaer. Foram identificadas 153 espécies distribuídas em 112 gêneros e 48 famílias botânicas. As famílias de maior riqueza de espécies foram Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Bromeliaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae e Acanthaceae. A densidade, frequência, dominância e valor de importância das populações herbáceas, tal como, a altura e o diâmetro das plantas foram menores na estação seca. A forma de vida predominante na comunidade foi o terófito, seguido do fanerófito, caracterizando um fitoclima terofítico-fanerofítico para a área de estudo. Palavras-chave: ervas, estações climáticas, formas de vida, semiárido Herbaceous of Caatinga: floristic composition, phytosociology and survival strategies in a plant community

LATE PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNA FROM SERGIPE, BRAZIL: TAXONOMIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS. The Sergipe State is included in the Intertropical Region of Brazil (= IRB), and its fauna of large (biomass > 44 kg) and megamammals (biomass > 1000 kg) is still unknown. This paper reports three taxa for Fazenda Charco locality: Toxodon platensis Owen, Smilodon populator Lund, and Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Porpino, Fernicola & Bergqvist; the latter constitutes the first record for this northeastern state of Brazil. Ages for the three faunal localities (Fazenda Elefante, Gararu Municipality; Fazenda Charco and Fazenda São José, Poço Redondo Municipality) are estimated between 50,000 and 38,000 years BP, and this period of time includes two different climates. Finally, the present authors are engaged in an ongoing project to elucidate in more detail the ecology of the species found in the IRB.

-Edge effects are considered a key factor in regulating the structure of plant communities in different ecosystems. However, regardless to few studies, edge influence does not seem to be decisive in semiarid regions such as the Brazilian tropical dry forest known as Caatinga but this issue remains inconclusive. The present study tests the null hypothesis that the plant community of shrubs and trees does not change in its structure due to edge effects. Twenty-four plots (20 x 20 m) were set up in a fragment of Caatinga, in which 12 plots were in the forest edges and 12 plots were inside the fragment. Tree richness, abundance and species composition did not differ between edge and interior plots. The results of this study are in agreement with the pattern previously found for semiarid environments and contrasts with previous results obtained in different environments such as Rainforests, Savanna and Forest of Araucaria, which indicate abrupt differences between the border and interior of the plant communities in these ecosystems, and suggest that the community of woody plants of the Caatinga is not ecologically affected by the presence of edges.