The study of animal communication systems is an important step towards gaining greater understanding of the processes influencing diversification because signals often play an important role in mate choice and can lead to reproductive isolation. Signal evolution can be influenced by a diversity of factors such as biophysical constraints on the emitter, the signalling environment, or selection to avoid heterospecific matings. Furthermore, because signals can be costly to produce, trade-offs may exist between different types of signals. Here, we apply phylogenetic comparative analyses to study the evolution of acoustic and visual signals in Asian barbets, a clade of nonPasserine, forest-dependent birds. Our results suggest that evolution of acoustic and visual signals in barbets is influenced by diverse factors, such as morphology and signalling environment, suggesting a potential effect of sensory drive. We found no trade-offs between visual and acoustic signals. Quite to the contrary, more colourful species sing significantly longer songs. Song characteristics presented distinct patterns of evolution. Song frequency diverged early on and the rate of evolution of this trait appears to be constrained by body size. On the other hand, characteristics associated with length of the song presented evidence for more recent divergence. Finally, our results indicate that there is a spatial component to the evolution of visual signals, and that visual signals are more divergent between closely related taxa than acoustic signals. Hence, visual signals in these species could play a role in speciation or reinforcement of reproductive isolation following secondary contacts.

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RESUMO -Este estudo foi realizado em remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES), localizado em Sorocaba (SP, Brasil), com o objetivo de verificar seu estágio sucessional e inferir sobre a composição futura. A hipótese deste artigo previa que esse remanescente apresentaria regeneração com baixa diversidade de espécies, predomínio de espécies pioneiras de dossel, ausência de espécies residentes no sub-bosque e predomínio de espécies anemocóricas e autocóricas. Foi utilizado o método de parcelas, considerando os indivíduos em três classes de tamanho, duas delas referentes ao sub-bosque e uma ao dossel (1 -<100 cm; 2 ->100 cm e circunferência à altura do solo <15 cm; 3 -CAP >15 cm). Foram amostradas 146 espécies, sendo os maiores valores de diversidade encontrados no dossel e nas espécies de sub-bosque da classe 2. A similaridade entre as três classes foi baixa. Das espécies com maior valor de importância, cinco são pioneiras e cinco são não pioneiras, e as espécies com maiores valores de regeneração natural são consideradas como não pioneiras e residentes. Contrariando a hipótese inicial, essas características, somadas ao predomínio de espécies zoocóricas nas três classes, indicam que o remanescente está em estágio intermediário de sucessão e possui condições microclimáticas para a entrada e permanência de espécies que necessitam de áreas mais sombreadas. Espécies como Aspidosperma olivaceum, Cordia trichotoma, Ocotea elegans e Guarea guidonia, consideradas não pioneiras e transitórias, foram amostradas somente nas classes 1 e 2, indicando a futura substituição de espécies e o avanço sucessional do remanescente.Palavras-chave: Regeneração natural; Sucessão secundária; Sub-bosque. STRUCTURE, FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FRAGMENTS OF SEMIDECIDUOUS SEASONAL FOREST IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

Although impacts generated by gaps can aff ect vegetation, few studies have addressed these impacts in the Atlantic Forest. Our aim was to investigate the eff ects of pathways of varying widths on vegetation structure and composition, considering dispersal syndromes, diversity, life forms, successional categories and threatened and exotic species occurrence in the Atlantic Forest. We studied three pathways with widths of 2, 10 and 20 m, intersecting a protected area in southeastern Brazil. To assess edge eff ects, plots were established adjacent to paths (edge) and 35 m from the edge (neighborhood), and in a control area without pathways. Wider pathways (10 and 20 m) exhibited reduced tree height and diameter, high liana density, exotic species, and a high proportion of pioneer and anemochorous species. In conclusion, our results indicate that the vegetation structure of narrow pathways (2 m) is similar to the control area, and that wide linear gaps cause negative eff ects on vegetation and extend to a distance of at least 35 m into the forest interior. Considering that linear gaps generate permanent eff ects to vegetation and may aff ect other organisms, we suggest that these eff ects must be considered for successful management of protected areas, including planning and impact mitigation.

Indicators are applied faster and at lower costs than conventional surveys, providing quick and efficient responses that can facilitate protected areas management. Our aim was to select indicators from vegetation to monitor protected areas. For this purpose, we analyzed understory and quantified lianas and tree ferns in protected and non-protected areas, in order to find indicator species. Our study areas are located in Vale do Ribeira, southeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. One of the areas is under two protection categories (IUCN's categories II and V), and the other is a privately owned farm. Lianas with large diameters (> 13 cm) and tree ferns with great heights (> 19 m) were considered indicators of undisturbed areas (protected areas) because their growth is directly related to forest successional stage. Indicator species within the protected area were shade tolerant species, such as Bathysa australis (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum., whereas outside the protected area were pioneer species, such as Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. ex Baill. e Nectandra oppositifolia Ness. All of the suggested indicators can be used in management actions, especially in protected areas, to guarantee forest maintenance and ensure fulfillment of the conservation objectives of these areas.Keywords: successional stages, indicator species, protected areas, Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Lianas, fetos arborescentes e espécies de sub-bosque: indicadores do estado de conservação da Mata Atlântica brasileira ResumoOs indicadores são aplicados com menores custos e mais rapidez em comparação com levantamentos convencionais, fornecendo respostas rápidas e eficientes que podem facilitar a gestão das áreas protegidas. Nosso objetivo foi selecionar indicadores de vegetação para monitorar áreas protegidas. Para este fim, analisamos o sub-bosque e quantificamos as lianas e fetos arborescentes em áreas protegidas e não-protegidas em busca de espécies indicadoras. Nossas áreas de estudo estão localizadas na região do Vale do Ribeira, sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Uma delas é uma área protegida (categorias da IUCN II e V) e outra uma fazenda de propriedade privada. Lianas com grandes diâmetros (>13 cm) e fetos arborescentes com grandes alturas (>19 m) foram considerados indicadores de áreas não perturbadas (área protegida), pois seu crescimento está diretamente associado com o estágio sucessional das florestas. As espécies indicadoras da área protegida são não pioneiras, como Bathysa australis (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum., já as da fazenda (não protegida) são pioneiras, como Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. ex Baill. e Nectandra oppositifolia Ness. Todos indicadores sugeridos podem ser utilizados em ações de gestão e conservação, especialmente em áreas protegidas, para garantir a manutenção dos remanescentes florestais e para assegurar o cumprimento dos objetivos destas áreas.Palavras-chave: estágios sucessionais, espécies indicadoras, áreas protegidas, Mata Atlântica.

RESUMOO trabalho foi realizado no Parque Natural Municipal Corredores da Biodiversidade (PNMCBio), em Sorocaba -SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a composição florística do componente arbóreo e o estágio sucessional de uma área de floresta nativa de aproximadamente 31 hectares. Para tanto, foram alocadas 64 parcelas de tamanho 10 x 10 m, distribuídas aleatoriamente na área, sendo coletados todos os indivíduos com CAP igual ou maior que 15 cm. Estimou-se a diversidade por meio do índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') e a equabilidade por meio do índice de Pielou (J'). As espécies foram caracterizadas nos grupos sucessionais, síndrome de dispersão, categorias de ameaça, amplitude de distribuição e indicadoras do estágio de regeneração. Foram amostrados 1088 indivíduos, distribuídos em 79 espécies, 54 gêneros e 29 famílias, sendo o H' estimado em 3,421 e o J' em 0,78, valores próximos aos encontrados em outras áreas de formações vegetacionais similares. Foram identificadas quatro espécies ameaçadas de extinção, 11 espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e duas espécies restritas à Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no domínio da Mata Atlântica. O fragmento encontra-se em estágio médio de regeneração, sendo de suma importância sua conservação e manejo para a manutenção da biodiversidade local e regional. Palavras-chave: Floresta Estacional Semidecidual; estágio sucessional; manejo. ABSTRACTThe study was conducted at the Natural Municipal Park "Corredores da Biodiversidade" (PNMCBio) in Sorocaba-SP, with the aim to evaluate the floristic composition of the tree component and the successional stage of a forest with about 31 hectares. Thereunto, were allocated 64 plots of 10 x 10 meters randomly distributed in the area. All individuals with CBH (circumference at the breast height) equal to or greater than 15 cm were included. We estimatedthe diversity through the Shannon diversity index (H') and evenness through the Pielou index (J'). The species were characterized in successional groups, dispersal syndromes, categories of threat, distributional range and indicator of the regeneration stage. We sampled 1088 individuals distributed into 79 species, 54 genera and 29 families. The H' was estimated in 3,421 and the J' in 0.78, values close to those found in other areas of similar vegetation formations. We sampled four endangered species, 11 Atlantic Forest endemic species and two species restricted to Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in the Atlantic Forest domain. The fragment is in an intermediate stage of succession, being of paramount importance to conservation and management for the maintenance of local and regional biodiversity.

The Atlantic rain forest is in a very fragmented condition due to the high deforestation in recent decades, thus even remnants of secondary vegetation may be considered important for maintaining the ecological and microclimatic functions on a regional scale. This represents the first plant composition study conducted in the area, located in Sorocaba (São Paulo, Brazil), a region relatively unknown in terms of vegetation. Our aims were to survey the vegetation, verify the vegetation formation in which the sampled species occur and identify endangered species. Periodic samples of woody plants were conducted between September 2007 and December 2009. We found 166 species, belonging to 47 families and 102 genera; ten of these species are under threat of extinction. Our data substantially increase our knowledge of the diversity of the regional flora and will play a crucial role in developing conservation policy.