The OXA-48-positive organisms found in this study showed wide variability in antibiotic susceptibility, β-lactamase content and PFGE banding patterns. This study revealed a switch from the predominance of VIM-1 in 2012-2013 to that of OXA-48 in the 2015 to 2017.
SUMMARY -We present an isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 isolated in a 68-year-old man who underwent radical prostatectomy due to prostate cancer. Th e antibiotic susceptibility testing to a wide range of antibiotics was performed by disk diff usion method and determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations. Th e isolate was classifi ed as multidrug-resistant. It showed intermediate susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem, resistance to ertapenem, and sensitivity only to colistin, amikacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Th e isolate was positive for ESBLs, negative for AmpC. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing revealed bla , bla CTX-M-15 and bla . Th e plasmid encoding OXA-48 ß-lactamase did not belong to any known PCR-based replicon typing. According to genotyping, the isolate belonged to ST37.
Università Juraj Dobrila Dipartimento di studi in lingua italiana
RiassuntoSe gli esseri umani sono ''programmati'' per l'acquisizione di una lingua, possiamo dedurre che siamo programmati anche per acquisirne più di una. È risaputo che l'età in cui viene introdotta la seconda lingua ha effetti importanti sullo sviluppo e sul funzionamento del cervello, sul modo in cui questo gestisce gli stimoli linguistici e semiotici. Sull'assunto che ipotizza la possibilità per tutti di diventare facilmente bilingui, la presente ricerca cercherà di constatare il livello di apprendimento di una lingua in età adulta. Si analizzerà il linguaggio di sei parlanti bilingui in età adulta, badanti presso persone anziane in Italia. Di seguito si spiegheranno le difficoltà linguistiche che i soggetti incontrano e il grado di bilinguismo raggiunto con alcune riflessioni comparative e conclusive.Parole chiave: bilinguismo tardivo, apprendimento spontaneo, linguistica, pragmalinguistica.
Alcune teorie sul bilinguismoIl significato del termine ''bilingue'' è diverso a seconda della situazione, dell'età, delle prospettive, delle motivazioni per cui le definizioni si muovono tra una concezione larga, ma pur realistica, e una concezione rigorosa e ristretta con pochi riscontri nella realtà. MacNamara (1967), dichiara bilingue chiunque parli più di una lingua, mentre Bloomfield (1993) proclama bilingue solo chi parla perfettamente due lingue. Secondo Titone (1972) le due lingue devono godere di una autonomia strutturale completa, senza sfruttamento dell'una nella costruzione di strutture o prodotti dell'altra «aderendo fedelmente ai concetti e alle strutture che a tale lingua sono propri, anziché parafrasando la lingua nativa» (1972, 13). Ambedue le definizioni mettono l'accento sul grado di competenza, e squalificano subito i parlanti che non possiedono la competenza linguistica richiesta. Per tale motivo, le definizioni che prenderemo come punto di partenza sono quella di Weinreich («Chiamerò qui bilinguismo la pratica di usare alternativamente due lingue, e bilingui le persone interessate», 1974, 3) e quella di Haugen («the point where a speaker can first produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language», 1953, 7) che pongono come criterio fondamentale l'uso e la necessità comunicativa e lasciano aperta la questione del grado di competenza linguistica.
This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Ginekologia Polska" are listed in PubMed.
BackgroundPrevious studies on P. mirabilis strains isolated from Croatian healthcare institutions revealed the predominance of TEM-52 extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), as well as the emergence of plasmid AmpC β-lactamases. Our aim was to molecularly characterize cefalosporinases in P. mirabilis isolates from long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and to compare their resistance profile and dynamics with community isolates.MethodsFrom a total of 3,321 P. mirabilis isolates collected from two LCTFs and from outpatients between 2015 and 2017, 1.23% of them were resistant to third generation of cephalosporins. Antimicrobial sensitivity was tested by broth microdilution method. ESBLs and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases were detected with phenotypic inhibitor-based tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance dissemination and genetic context of bla genes were interrogated by conjugal mating and PCR mapping, respectively. Plasmids were characterized by conjugation and transformation experiments, as well as PCR-based replicon typing.ResultsHigh-level of resistance to amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, first, second and third generation of cephalosporins was found in all isolates. Three isolates tested positive in inhibitor-based test with clavulanic acid, and 38 both in Hodge test and combined disk test with phenylboronic acid, indicating the production of ESBLs and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases, respectively. Two ESBL-positive organisms yielded amplicons with primers for CTX-M β-lactamase of group 1 and one for TEM. All AmpC-positive organisms were identified by PCR as CMY (with an additional TEM). Insert sequence ISEcp-1 was found upstream of blaCMYi blaCTX-M genes. CTX-M positive strains harbored IncK plasmid, whereas AmpC-positive strains were negative for known plasmid types. This is also a first description of P. mirabilis harboring CTX-M-15 β-lactamase in Croatia.ConclusionOur study showed the persistence of CMY β-lactamases in one LTCF, but also the dissemination of characteristic resistance determinants to another LTCF and the community. Similar to some other studies, there was a clear trend of cephalosporinase dynamic switch from TEM variants to CMY and CTX-M, with impending consequences for treatment decisions.Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
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