Determination of bioindicators of auxinic herbicides residuesHerbicides that present soil residual activity may become a problem in agricultural crops due to the possibility of crops successors intoxication. It is hard to detect residues of hormonal herbicides using the bioassay technique, due to the variation in the growth response of the indicator plant. The objective of this work was to select plants and variables susceptible to the herbicides 2,4-D and picloram for soil residue indication..To make it possible, two bioassays were performed,, where each of them consisted of 60 treatments in a factorial scheme with the combination of three plant species (Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris), two substrates (sand and soil sample) and 10 subdoses of herbicide (0, 3, 6, 12, 22.5, 47, 94, 187.5, 375 and 750 g ha -1 ) and (0, 3, 6, 9, 18, 30, 60, 123; 246 and 501 Recebido para publicação em 29/12/2011 e aprovado em 07/03/2013.

showing DNA sequence fidelity for the tested SSR primers. In conclusion, the adopted procedure for in vitro CSD is reproducible for induction, regeneration and propagation of Coffea polyploids and potentially other shrubbery and woody species. In view of the novelty of this procedure to generate new germplasm, we show the key issues and the steps of the CSD procedure.

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The selection of weed biotypes that are resistant to glyphosate has increased the demand for its use mixed with other herbicides, such as sulfentrazone. However, when chemical molecules are mixed, interactions may occur, modifying the behavior of these molecules in the environment, such as the sorption and desorption in soil. In this study, we hypothesized that the presence of glyphosate-formulated products might increase the sorption or decrease the desorption of sulfentrazone, thereby increasing the risk of the contamination of water resources. Therefore, our work aimed to evaluate the sorption, desorption, and leaching of sulfentrazone in the soil in an isolated and mixed application with different glyphosate formulations. The sorption coefficients (Kfs) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, and 1.9, respectively. The desorption coefficients (Kfd) for the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ready, sulfentrazone + Roundup Ultra, and sulfentrazone + Zapp Qi foram were 65.7, 125.2, 733.3 and 239.8, respectively. The experiments demonstrated that the sorption and desorption of sulfentrazone in combination with the other formulated glyphosate products are altered, supporting the hypothesis suggested by this work, i.e., that the presence of other molecules is a factor that affects the behavior of herbicides in the soil. This phenomenon altered the vertical mobility of sulfentrazone. Situations involving mixtures of pesticides should be evaluated in order to improve our understanding of the dynamics of these molecules and thus avoid environmental contamination.

The knowledge of the processes that affect soil herbicide behavior allows to developing practices that improve efficiency in chemical weed control and reduce the negative impacts of cropping-systems. In this research, we used HPLC to determine sorption and desorption of clomazone in Brazilian soil samples (Red-Yellow Latosol with liming and without liming, Red latosol with and without liming, and Organosol). To study clomazone sorption, we used the batch equilibrium method. Clomazone concentrations in soil samples were determined by HPLC. Desorption was quantitated using the samples contained in tubes after sorption testing, repeating the steps followed to quantify sorption. The Freundlich isotherm adequately describe clomazone sorption in all soils. Variation in pH in Red-Yellow Latosol and Red Latosol did not change clomazone sorption. The values of the Freundlich constant (Kf) indicate that clomazone sorption is higher in Organosol, followed by Red latosol (with liming) = Red latosol (without liming) > Red-Yellow Latosol (with liming) = Red-Yellow Latosol (without liming). We conclude that among the attributes evaluated, soil organic matter has the highest impact on clomazone sorption. There was a direct relationship between Kf values and organic matter content of the substrates. Desorption of clomazone was very low in the evaluated soils, with the exception of Organosol, where quantification of the herbicide was possible.

Sorption and desorption determine the amount of an herbicide in soil solution. Therefore, knowledge of the sorption and desorption coefficients in different soils is an essential factor to estimate the potential for environmental contamination by herbicides. We evaluated the feasibility of multivariate and linear discriminant analyses to predict the sorption and desorption capacity of a soil for diuron, one of the most used herbicides on sugarcane plantations. The adsorptive capacity in twenty-seven Brazilian soil samples was estimated using the sorption constant (Kfs) and desorption constant (Kfd) obtained by the Freundlich isotherms. The regression model was created from the sorbed and nonsorbed concentrations of diuron in soils. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography was applied to quantify the diuron concentrations. The multivariate analysis separated the soils into four groups considering the similarity of the following attributes: pH, organic matter, clay, and base saturation. The groups showed a similar pattern of sorption and desorption for diuron: Lom-Lclay: low sorption (5.9 ± 1.2) and high desorption (10.9 ± 0.6); Lclay: low sorption (7.5 ± 1.1) and high desorption (11.4 ± 1.3); Hom-Hclay: high sorption (11.2 ± 1.2) and low desorption (13.8 ± 1.2); HpH-Hclay: high sorption (10.1 ± 1.1) and medium desorption (11.5 ± 1.4). Linear discriminant analysis of these soil attributes was used to classify other soils described in the literature with adsorption capacity. This analysis was able to identify soils with high and low sorption using the pH, organic matter, clay, and base saturation, demonstrating the enormous potential of the technique to group soils with different contamination risks for subterranean waters. Sugarcane crops in northeastern Brazil showed a higher pollution risk through the leaching of diuron. Multivariate analysis revealed significant diuron-related changes in the soil composition of different Brazilian regions; therefore, this statistical analysis can be used to improve understanding of herbicide behavior in soils.