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Conjunctivitis is a commonly encountered condition in ophthalmology clinics throughout the world. In the management of suspected cases of conjunctivitis, alarming signs for more serious intraocular conditions, such as severe pain, decreased vision, and painful pupillary reaction, must be considered. Additionally, a thorough medical and ophthalmic history should be obtained and a thorough physical examination should be done in patients with atypical findings and chronic course. Concurrent physical exam findings with relevant history may reveal the presence of a systemic condition with involvement of the conjunctiva. Viral conjunctivitis remains to be the most common overall cause of conjunctivitis. Bacterial conjunctivitis is encountered less frequently and it is the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is encountered in nearly half of the population and the findings include itching, mucoid discharge, chemosis, and eyelid edema. Long-term usage of eye drops with preservatives in a patient with conjunctival irritation and discharge points to the toxic conjunctivitis as the underlying etiology. Effective management of conjunctivitis includes timely diagnosis, appropriate differentiation of the various etiologies, and appropriate treatment.

Most infectious keratitis occurred in nonwinter months and in patients from suburban counties. Although fluoroquinolones were effective against the most common bacteria, staphylococcal species exhibited a high rate of resistance, representing a therapeutic challenge given the increasing use of fluoroquinolones as first-line monotherapy. No organisms tested were resistant to tobramycin, gentamicin, vancomycin, or voriconazole.

The cardinal feature of retinal degeneration in BBS1 can show a wide spectrum of disease expression.

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These results provide evidence that components of Wnt/Fz pathway are expressed and an intact Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway exists in ESFT cell lines. Activation of the Wnt pathway in ESFT suggests that Wnt modulates cell motility rather than cell proliferation. Hence, activation of this pathway may influence metastatic potential of ESFT.

Angiogenesis refers to new blood vessels that originate from pre-existing vascular structures. Corneal neovascularization which can lead to compromised visual acuity occurs in a wide variety of corneal pathologies. A large subset of measures has been advocated to prevent and/or treat corneal neovascularization with varying degrees of success. These approaches include topical corticosteroid administration, laser treatment, cautery, and fine needle diathermy. Since the imbalance between proangiogenic agents and antiangiogenic agents primarily mediate the process of corneal neovascularization, recent therapies are intended to disrupt the different steps in the synthesis and actions of proangiogenic factors. These approaches, however, are only partially effective and may lead to several side effects. The aim of this article is to review the most relevant treatments for corneal neovascularization available so far.