Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Conjunctivitis is a commonly encountered condition in ophthalmology clinics throughout the world. In the management of suspected cases of conjunctivitis, alarming signs for more serious intraocular conditions, such as severe pain, decreased vision, and painful pupillary reaction, must be considered. Additionally, a thorough medical and ophthalmic history should be obtained and a thorough physical examination should be done in patients with atypical findings and chronic course. Concurrent physical exam findings with relevant history may reveal the presence of a systemic condition with involvement of the conjunctiva. Viral conjunctivitis remains to be the most common overall cause of conjunctivitis. Bacterial conjunctivitis is encountered less frequently and it is the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is encountered in nearly half of the population and the findings include itching, mucoid discharge, chemosis, and eyelid edema. Long-term usage of eye drops with preservatives in a patient with conjunctival irritation and discharge points to the toxic conjunctivitis as the underlying etiology. Effective management of conjunctivitis includes timely diagnosis, appropriate differentiation of the various etiologies, and appropriate treatment.

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

“…To address this shortcoming, the authors have recently established a robust in vivo model of conjunctivitis in dogs, a translational large animal model that provides a unique opportunity for scientists to investigate the ocular surface in health and disease states 200 . The model specifically focused on conjunctivitis as this condition is frequently encountered in humans and dogs, 157,303 developing either as a primary condition (e.g., bacterial, viral), or as a bystander to common ophthalmic diseases such as blepharitis, keratitis, uveitis, and glaucoma. This model is particularly appealing given the low cost, noninvasiveness, self‐resolving nature, ability to adjust the duration and severity of the disease, and shared features with naturally occurring diseases in human and veterinary medicine.…”

Maraviroc, celastrol and azelastine alter Chlamydia trachomatis development in HeLa cells

“…To our knowledge, no similar TEM observations have been described so far by other investigators, making the underlying mechanism of the effect of Az on Ct and host cells an interesting topic for future investigation. Nonetheless, given the ability of Ct to cause ocular infections, or ocular infections in the context of genital infections [73–75], and the frequency of allergic conjunctivitis in adult patients [76], co-occurrence of both aetiologies is possible. In such cases, treatment of allergic symptoms with Az may impact on co-existent bacterial infections such as chlamydial conjunctivitis.…”

Ontology of anomalous processes diagnosis

“…Presence = “present,” redness of the eyes. Localization with Variants of dynamics: (1) = “on the right, on the left, on the right and on the left constantly”; (2) = “1–2 days on the right, then on the right and on the left”; (3) = “1–2 days on the left, then on the right and on the left.” 25 The signs characterizing the unauthorized shutdown of the AUUV engine power are the following signs with modality = “capability”: [short circuit] AND [error of the analog‐to‐digital converter of the engine] AND [error of the engine position sensor] AND [timed out by the response from the controller engine] AND [engine controller is not initialized] AND [water in the engine] AND [engine overheating]. With a diagnosis of “pneumonitis caused by COVID‐2019”, its Possible causes: 3–5 days after the event (impact), such as: “a trip to high‐risk region”, for example, “the city Wuhan”, “contact with a person infected with COVID‐2019”, visiting a medical facility, contacting someone who has visited high‐risk areas, visiting an airport.…”

“…A typical problem of the onset of diarrhea is the preceding event: the time of ingestion of “suspicious food” is 3 3 h before the onset of diarrhea 27,28 . Staphylococcal conjunctivitis usually begins in 2–4 days after contact with a patient with conjunctivitis or with objects of common use of a patient with conjunctivitis 25 For many diseases of the hepatobiliary system and a number of hematological disorders the sign of “jaundice” is defined as general sign; subcategories of diseases of the hepatobiliary system are diseases of the hepatocellular system, hepatic‐vascular, of bile ducts, etc.…”