Studies were separately conducted to determine the effects of cultivar, planting date, and fungicide usage on rice blast disease, caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. [= Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr] in Kecamatan Manggala, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The four rice varieties were IR-66, Cisantana, Cigeulis, and Filipin. The results showed that IR-66 was moderately resistant to leaf and neck blast, with the lowest percentage unfilled grains per panicle. Cisantana reacted moderately resistant to leaf blast, but moderately susceptible to neck blast. Cigeulis was moderately susceptible to leaf and neck blast, while Filipin showed a highly susceptible reaction to both leaf and neck blast, and a 31% plant population death due to the blast disease. With respect to planting dates (February 4, March 22, and May 16), plants transplanted in March had the highest leaf blast severity, neck blast incidence, and the lowest yield. Seven fungicides (four are recommended for use in rice in Indonesia: flusilazol, difenoconazole, difenokonazole+propikonazole, and carbendazim (6.2%)+mancozeb (73.8%)) and three generally used ones (menefoxam (4%)+mancozeb (64%), chlorothalonyl, and metalaxyl) which were evaluated against the rice blast disease, showed the recommended fungicides for use in rice to be more effective in suppressing blast and protecting yield, compared to the other fungicides.
Dehydration during exercise has been shown to limit performance. This study aimed to determine the best hydrocolloid for producing sports energy gel from chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.). This study was a completed random-design study using one factor: the addition of 0.1% w/w hydrocolloids (SEG1: xanthan gum; SEG2: pectin; and SEG3: carboxymethyl cellulose). A sports energy gel was then analyzed for pH, viscosity, total soluble solids, potassium content, and gross energy. The sensory characteristics that were analyzed include color, texture, aroma, and flavor, using hedonic tests on 25 panelists. The addition of different hydrocolloids resulted in significant differences in pH, viscosity, total soluble solids, potassium, and energy contents (p = 0.026; 0.0001; 0.0001; and 0.0001). Differences in hydrocolloid types also led to differences in the panelists’ perceptions of the sports energy gels’ colors and textures (p = 0.008 and 0.0001). The best formulation was the sports energy gel with added xanthan gum, which showed the highest average energy, total soluble solids, potassium, and viscosity values, and the lowest average of pH values (60.24 ± 0.340, 10.6 ± 0.08, 19.6 ± 0.23, 367.4 ± 9.81, and 5.2 ± 0.38, respectively). The conclusion is that chia seeds can be used as the main ingredient for producing a high-energy sports gel. Energy has a huge impact on a person’s physical and mental health.
Abstract. Lestari EG, Dewi IS, Nur A, Yunita R, Mastur. 2019. Genetic x environment interaction on agronomic characters and yield components of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mutant strain. Biodiversitas 20: 3705-3714. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) belongs to cereal plants that have prospects for commercial development in Indonesia, since it can adapt widely in sub-optimal land, and has many functions. However, there is still limited sweet sorghum variety that has been released in Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic x environment interaction on agronomic characters and yield components of sweet sorghum mutant strain. Adaptation test was held in 8 locations in Indonesia, namely Pekalongan, Bantul, Gunung Kidul, Lampung, Malang, East Lombok, Bontobili and Maros, from May to November 2017. The material tested was 10 M7 mutant strains and two check varieties (Numbu and Super 1). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). There were three replications in form of blocks and each block consisted of 40 sorghum plants. The result showed that genetic x environment interaction affected the agronomic characters and yield components of sweet sorghum. Several characters such as plant height, panicle diameter, seed production, sugar brix and stem juice volume of sweet sorghum mutants were greater than check varieties. The highest seed yield was found in MB-1 strain of sweet sorghum mutant that cultivated in Pekalongan site.
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