The present study was designed to find the importance of proper screening and early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Study Design: A prospective/ descriptive study Place of Study: tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. Duration of Study: from September 2014 to November 2014. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 pregnant females between the ages of 20-40 years & in their 24th to 28th week of gestation were enrolled for the study. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test of all the participants was done after an overnight fasting of 10-12 hours. All the participants were given 75gm of glucose per 100 ml of distilled water. The blood samples were collected after two hours time for serum glucose levels. Results: Most of the participants were below 26 years of age 47(27.9%) with the mean age of 30.2±5.83 years. However the highest prevalence of GDM was observed in age group 31-35 years (36%). Among the 25 cases of gestational diabetes mellitus the highest number of patients with GDM were multipara (40%) followed by parity of 3-4 gravida (32%). Twenty seven women (16%) women had family history of diabetes mellitus. Among these 12/27 (44.4%) women were found with GDM, compared to 15/141 (10.6%) who have no family history of diabetes mellitus. Total 14 (8.33%) women were found obese, out of these 8 (57%) women had GDM while only 6 (42.8%) women had no GDM. Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM in the present study is found to be 14.8%. A prevalence of GDM was higher in the elderly multiparous females who were overweight and had family history of diabetes mellitus.

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Background: Surgical site wound infection (SSI) imposes a great challenge worldwide. It is the third most commonly reported nosocomial infection. The objective of the study was to assess the frequency of postoperative wound infections in a newly developed health organization.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2017 to May 2018 in Bakhtawar General Hospital, Jamshoro. A total of 364 cases of surgery, from Obstetrics and Gynecology and General Surgery department were included. Surgical interventions involving an incision were assessed. Infection (SSI) rate was noticed and data was analyzed by SPSS version 18.Results: Healthy discharge rate was 97%. The overall surgical site wound infection rate was 3.1%. These infections were high in genitourinary surgeries (9.09%). Among Obstetrics & Gynecology surgeries, maximum number of SSIs were reported in cases of emergency Lower Segment Cesarean Section (LSCS).Conclusions: The overall rate of SSI for different types of surgeries performed at Bakhtawar General Hospital, Jamshoro was only 3.1%. Frequency of SSI was highest in genitourinary surgeries followed by gastrointestinal and obstetrics and gynecology surgeries, respectively.Key words: General Surgery, Genitourinary surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology surgery, Post-operative wound contamination

Objective: To evaluate the anti diabetic effect of cinnamon extract in alloxaninduced diabetic animal model (albino rats) in comparison with oral hypoglycemic drugs. StudyDesign: An Experimental study. Place of Study: Al Tibri Medical College, Isra University, KarachiCampus. Duration of Study: December 2012 to December 2013. Materials and Methods: Total60 Albino rats of both genders were divided into 6 groups consisting of 10 rats in each group.Each group of animals was further divided into two sub groups containing 5 rats in each groupResults: The results obtained from the data indicated that there is significant reduction in bloodglucose level rats treated with low dose of cinnamon extract. The animals of low dose cinnamonextract (200mg/kg. bw) when compared with other groups; there is a reduction in the bloodglucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Also tolbutamide and acarbose treated groupsshowed better antidiabetic effects as compared with cinnamon extract treated groups (pvalue<0.007 and p value<0.012 respectively), but cinnamon extract treated group showedsynergetic effects when it was given in combination with tolbutamide or acarbose havingsignificant p value<0.001 and p value<0.011 respectively. Conclusions: Tolbutamide andAcarbose showed better anti diabetic effect in comparison with cinnamon extract treated groupswhen used individually. This effect was enhanced when cinnamon was used in combination witheither tolbutamide or acarbose.

Objectives: The heterogenous clinical course in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) can be linked to several genetic and phenotypic characteristics of malignant B-cells. Prognostic analysis in B-CLL is routinely carried out to assist patient management; particularly to predict the time to initiate treatment. Increased ZAP-70 expression is a surrogate marker for unmutated immunoglobulin genes and inferior clinical outcomes which can be quantified to predict future outcomes in B-CLL patients. The study determined the ZAP-70 expression pattern using Z-index in Pakistani patients with B-CLL. Methods: A retrospective analysis of B-CLL cases diagnosed and confirmed on flow cytometry at Aga Khan University Hospital for the last six years which had also undergone ZAP-70 analysis were included. In all these cases, ZAP-70 expression was quantified by measuring mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) of normal B-cells, T-cells, and CLL-cells (CD19 and CD5 double-positive population). ZAP-70 expression was divided into high, low, and negative categories based on Z-index calculation. Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to determine the significance of ZAP-70 variations in different age groups and genders. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 120 patients of B-CLL had ZAP-70 analysis during the study period. The median age was 62 with an interquartile range of 35-87 and male to female ratio of 2:1. ZAP-70 expression was high in 18 (15%), low in 52 (43.3%) and negative in 50 (41.7%) cases. No significant difference in ZAP-70 expression with respect to the age or gender of the study population was identified using appropriate statistical calculations. Conclusions: This study showed only 15% of B-CLL cases showing high ZAP-70 expression, a surrogate biomarker for possible aggressive behavior which may necessitate therapeutic intervention and close surveillance.

Die mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichneten Forschungsthemen liefern eine wichtige Grundlage zur Konzeption von experimentellen Unterrichtseinheiten und sind nach dem Prinzip der Wissenschaftlichkeit und aufgrund ihrer Aktualität fundamental für die Gestaltung von Chemieunterricht. Auf Basis von Benjamin Lists Arbeiten wird im folgenden Beitrag im Sinne des exemplarischen Prinzips ein experimenteller und theoretischer Zugang zur asymmetrischen Organokatalyse für Schüler:innen vorgestellt. Aufgrund der geringen Gefährdungspotentiale der Edukte und Produkte sowie der Einfachheit der Durchführung kann der Versuch von den Schüler:innen durchgeführt und die Reaktionsmechanismen von ihnen durch die während der Schullaufbahn erworbenen fachlichen Kompetenzen erarbeitet und somit grundlegende Konzepte der asymmetrischen Organokatalyse verstanden werden. Zudem werden klassische Nachweisreaktionen funktioneller Gruppen organischer Moleküle und Analysen zur Charakterisierung der Produkte eingesetzt, welche vergleichend mit der basenkatalysierten Aldolreaktion einen Zugang zum Begriff der Enantioselektivität ermöglichen. Ebenso bietet der Vergleich der basenkatalysierten mit der L‐Prolin‐katalysierten Aldolreaktion Grundlage zur Diskussion ökologischer und ökonomischer Aspekte beider Reaktionsführungen und fördert somit die Kommunikations‐ und Bewertungskompetenz sowie Reflexion im naturwissenschaftlichen Kontext.

Objective: To find out the Modified Marsh type of celiac disease (CD)patients on histopathological examination of duodenal (D2) biopsies and to correlate it withtissue transglutaminase IgA levels. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place of Study:Histopathology laboratory (Department of Pathology), Isra University Hospital and AsianInstitute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Hyderabad. Duration of Study: July 2013 to December2013. Materials and Methods: 96 patients with a history of malabsorption or atypical symptomswith clinical suspicion of CD were subjected to endoscopy. Endoscopic duodenal (D2) biopsieswere taken regardless of age and gender. D2 biopsies were processed for histopathologicalexamination under light microscopy. Results: Out of 96 patients, 45 (46.9%) patients hadmoderate type of lamina propria inflammation along with highly significant p-value (0.0001).CDtype 3a was observed in 34 patients (35.4%). In this study the comparison of serological level oftissue Transglutaminase IgA (tTGA) and histological severity revealed significant correlation. AllModified Marsh types of CD with tTGA level seen in our study were highly significant (p-value0.001). Conclusion: In this study strong correlation was observed between the serologicaltTGA level and histological findings by Modified Marsh classification along with lamina propriainflammation of duodenal mucosa in CD patients.

To observe the expression of Cyclin D in transition of normal oral mucosa to dysplastic lesions and to find out the possible association of immunostaining in normal oral mucosa and different grades of oral dysplasia METHODOLOGY: In this cross sectional analytical study, total of 120 diagnosed paraffin embedded blocks were included comprising of 60 samples of normal oral mucosa (Group 1) and 60 cases of various grades of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions (Group 2). Patient's record files were reviewed for age, gender and tobacco habits. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using Cyclin D monoclonal antibodies on all the tissue samples. Staining with Cyclin D was observed in each of the cases to find out their possible association as early indicator of transition from normal mucosa to oral dysplasia. RESULTS: In Group 1, 45/60 (75%) patients were negative for Cyclin D. In Group 2, 40/60 (66%) were negative for Cyclin D. We found non significant association for Cyclin D staining in transition of normal oral mucosa to low grade lesions. But significant association was found in Cyclin D positivity in transition from normal mucosa to high grade dysplastic lesions. CONCLUSION: We found no association of Cyclin D as diagnostic marker between normal and early dysplastic lesions, but the expression for Cyclin D was shown to be increased with increasing irreversible grades of dysplasia ie: from normal oral mucosa to severe dysplasia.