The co-amorphous solid dispersion system is one of the methods to improve the physicochemical characteristics and stability of a drug. With the appropriate material ratio and preparation method, a co-amorphous solid dispersion system can increase the bioavailability of the drug due to an increase in solubility. In addition, the co-amorphous system will maintain its amorphous shape longer than a single compound. However, using unsuitable materials and methods for co-amorphous fabrication will precipitate them and diminish their bioavailability. As a result, exploring the fundamentals of co-amorphous manufacturing methods is essential. This article discusses the physicochemical properties and solubility of co-amorphous mixtures prepared by solvent evaporation, milling, and quenching methods. Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar literature were obtained using the keywords 'co-amorphous preparation', 'co-amorphous method', 'solvent evaporation for co-amorphous preparation', 'milling methods for co-amorphous preparation', and 'quenching method for co-amorphous preparation'. We excluded literature whose application was not in the medical field. Based on the findings, the co-amorphous preparation methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Solvent evaporation can only be used on a small scale. Milling techniques are laborious and time-consuming but have a large yield and less chemical destruction, while the quenching method is only intended for thermostable compounds.
Sekarang ini adanya keinginan alamiah untuk tampil cantik khususnya pada kaum wanita telah meningkatkan kesadaran tentang pentingnya perawatan kulit dan warnanya, untuk itu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah memutihkan kulit dengan menekan produksi melanin menggunakan whitening agent, sehingga dilakukan penulisan artikel review ini dengan tujuan mengetahui jenis-jenis whitening agent, mekanismenya dan penggunaan teknologi formulasinya. Beberapa contoh whitening agent yaitu hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, kojic acid, arbutin, niacinamide, retinoid, azelaic acid, namun beberapa zat ini dapat menimbulkan permasalahan pada kulit seperti iritasi, dermatitis, alergi dan kanker kulit sehingga sekarang ini dapat digunakan whitening agent dari alam yang minim efek samping seperti temulawak, cendana, teripang, dan prunus. Mekanisme utama whitening agent adalah menghambat enzim tirosinasedan, dan untuk memaksimalkan efek whitening pada kulit telah dikembangkan teknologi formulasi menggunakan beberapa metode penghantaran seperti liposom, nanopartikel, solid lipid nanopartikel dan mikroemulsi.
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that has been widely used and has strong efficacy, but the use of warfarin is still a concern because of its narrow therapeutic index which cause interactions when co-administration with drugs, herbs or food. This interaction can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin and the most fatal effect from warfarin interactions is bleeding. In this review article data on warfarin-herbs interactions were collected based on pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-∞, Cmax, T1/2, Cl/F, and V/F), while pharmacodynamic parameters (International normalized ratio (INR), platelet aggregation, AUC INR and Protombine Time). As a result some herbs had significant interactions with warfarin. Herbs that affect warfarin pharmacokinetic were Danshen gegen, echinacea, St. John's wort and caffeine and herbs that affect pharmacodynamic were policosanol, Ginkgo biloba, cranberry, St. John's wort, ginseng, pomegranate, Psidium guajava and curcumin, so co-administration warfarin with herbs need to be considered.Keywords: Warfarin, Interactions, Herbs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics
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