Acculturative stress and specific coping strategies were assessed in a group of 214 multicultural college undergraduates of both sexes who were divided into four generational status groups: early immigrants (immigrated before 12 years of age) and late immigrants (immigrated after age 12), second-generation and third-generation. Also explored was the relationship of acculturative stress to self-esteem, locus of control and loyalty to American culture. The self-administered questionnaire contained the short version of the Padilla SAFE Acculturative Stress Measure, a loyalty toward American culture scale, Rotter's Internal/External Locus of Control scale, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Findings revealed that late immigrant students experienced greater acculturative stress than the other groups. Also, late immigrants coped with stress more frequently by taking a direct, planned action (individualistic) approach, while secondand third-generation groups more often coped by talking to others about the problem (social network). Early immigrants employed both coping strategies.
A 4-phase project was conducted to develop a culturally appropriate measure of psychosocial stress, the Hispanic Stress Inventory (HSI). Phase 1 involved the collection of open-ended interview data (JV = 105) to generate a set of meaningful psychosocial stress items. Phase 2 examined the construct validity of the HSI items by means of consensus ratings of expert judges along 6 conceptual categories. Phase 3 (N = 493) involved the use of factor analytic procedures to determine the underlying scale structure of the HSI, both for a Latin American immigrant and a U.S.-born (Mexican American) sample. This procedure resulted in an Immigrant %rsion of the HSI comprised of 73 items and 5 distinct sub-scales, as well as a US.-born version of the HSI comprised 59 items and 4 distinct subscales. In Phase 4, reliability estimates for the HSI were conducted by means of both internal consistency and a small test-retest study (N-35). Both procedures yielded high reliability coefficients. Clinical research and service delivery conducted with Hispanic Americans has long suffered from the lack of adequate assessment instruments (Cervantes & Castro, 19 8 5). The lack of normative baseline information for this growing population has raised concern regarding the use of current assessment tools for use with Hispanics. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Revised (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) provides a succinct description of stress-related disorders within the classification of Adjustment Disorder. Clinical experience with Hispanic adults sug-gests that this description may be useful in conceptualizing and assessing various forms of psychopathology among ethnic minority clients. This disorder is described as a "maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor, or stressors, that
The present contribution offers an overview of a new area of research in the field of foreign language acquisition, which was triggered by the introduction of Positive Psychology (PP) (MacIntyre and Gregersen, 2012). For many years, a cognitive perspective had dominated research in applied linguistics. Around the turn of the millennium researchers became increasingly interested in the role of emotions in foreign language learning and teaching, beyond established concepts like foreign language anxiety and constructs like motivation and attitudes toward the foreign language. As a result, a more nuanced understanding of the role of positive and negative learner and teacher emotions emerged, underpinned by solid empirical research using a wide range of epistemological and methodological approaches. PP interventions have been carried out in schools and universities to strengthen learners and teachers’ experiences of flow, hope, courage, well-being, optimism, creativity, happiness, grit, resilience, strengths, and laughter with the aim of enhancing learners’ linguistic progress. This paper distinguishes the early period in the field that started with MacIntyre and Gregersen (2012), like a snowdrop after winter, and that was followed by a number of early studies in relatively peripheral journals. We argue that 2016 is the starting point of the current period, characterized by gradual recognition in applied linguistics, growing popularity of PP, and an exponential increase in publications in more mainstream journals. This second period could be compared to a luxuriant English garden in full bloom.
The authors argue in this article that new approaches are needed in the study of psychological acculturation. They posit that a new model of psychological acculturation should incorporate contemporary work in social and cognitive psychology. The model they present builds on previous research in the areas of social cognition, cultural competence, social identity, and social stigma. Each of these perspectives is discussed in accordance with its relevance to the acculturative processes operating in immigrants. They hypothesize that acculturation is more difficult for those persons who must cope with the stigma of being different because of skin color, language, ethnicity, and so forth. Finally, the authors believe that the theoretical framework present here will lead to more productive insights into the adaptation process of immigrants than has heretofore been the case.
The conceptualframeworks of "at-risk" and academic invulnerability were examined with 30 undergraduate Latino students enrolled in a highly selective university. Students were interviewed about their educational experiences to examine factors contributing to their academic success. Students were grouped (n= 10) based on educational attainment of parents: Group One-parents with 11 or fewer years of schooling; Group Two-at least one parent graduated from high school; and Group Three-at least one parent completed college. Interviews revealed thatstudents in Group One and Twofit the pattern of "at risk" but also demonstrated that with supportive families and teachers they were invulnerable to the negative consequences of educational risk. Group Three students, because of the greater "cultural capital" of parents, reported different experiences in school. Unexpectedly, 73% of all students had been identified in elementary school as gifted, lending support to the importance of enriched school programs for Latinos.
The conditions that result in bicultural social development among Latino children and adolescents represent the central focus of this article. The literature surrounding bicultural development is reviewed from four perspectives: (a) immigrant children and adolescents, (b) second generation Latinos or the offspring of immigrants, (c) later generation ethnic children and adolescents, and (d) mixed ethnic and racial heritage individuals. Each of these situations presents different socialization contexts and challenges for parents and children in the transmission of culture across generations and for the development of bicultural competence. The concepts of acculturation, marginality, and biculturalism are examined for the assumptions inherent in each of these constructs. An important assumption in the analysis is that maintenance of ethnic identity and bicultural orientation may be imposed on Latinos depending on their phenotype, which marks them as ”outsiders” to the dominant social group. Thus, ethnic loyalty and biculturalism may serve as positive coping responses in a racialized society.
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