“…For purposes of this study, three categories were relevant: (a) expository essays on the development of HBCUs during the postEmancipation era (Allen & Jewell, 2002;Anderson, 1988;Brown & Davis, 2001;Browning & Williams, 1978;Evans et al, 2002), (b) empirical studies involving students who attend HBCUs (Berger & Milem, 2000;Freeman & Thomas, 2002), and (c) studies on Black faculty and those who teach at HBCUs (Billingsley, 1982;Menges & Exum, 1983;Nettles & Perna, 1995;Padilla, 1994). A review of the literature reveals that most extant sources are of the first order.…”