The increasing chemicalization of production and life leads to the pollution of water bodies by chemicals, the effect of which on the micro - and macro - organisms is poorly understood. This section of the study in sanitary bacteriology is becoming ever more topical and is an important task of modern hygienic science. One of complicacies of the study of the problem is related with the fact that the presence of only experimental data fails to be sufficient, as the impact of any given chemical substance on different bacteria in the experiment does not mean that under natural conditions, similar results will be obtained. One reason for this may be the inhibitory effect of the given chemical on biological properties of bacteria, while in field conditions in the water several chemicals interacting with each other can exist. In this regard, the aim of the work was to assess the indicator value of sanitary and microbiological indices of epidemic hazard of water use in conditions of chemical pollution of surface water bodies.
The way of definition of formaldehyde in water by the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the use of solid-phase extraction for concoction and extraction of the analyzed derivative formaldehyde is presented. The method is distinguished by the simplified and accelerated procedure of the sample preparation in comparison with classical liquid extraction. Chromatographic division of substances was reached on the turned phase column C18 with the use of mixture of the deionized water and an acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Definition was carried out at absorption wavelength of 360 nanometers. Linearity was reached in the ranges of concentration from 1 to 200 mcg/l. Full validation of a method is carried out. For control samples of all levels, including the lower limit of quantitative definition, the value of repeatability (RSD) accounted for ≤15%. The index of the accuracy amounted to ≤10%. The presented way showed good validation characteristics and can be recommended for the simplification and acceleration of the determination of the content of formaldehyde in water by the HPLC method
Anti-icing reagents (AIR) are one of the main soil pollutions of large cities of countries with the cold climate. The salinization adversely affects the environment and urban health. The data on the content of readily soluble salts, the response of the medium, and a number of other indices of soils of Moscow’s different functional areas are presented. Stocks of ion-pollutants in the root zone soil layers have been identified. The expansion of anomalies of salt reserves and enhancement of the salt process within individual functional areas was noted. The maximum pollution was observed in the soils of the transport zone (dissolved solids reached 0.19%), which corresponds to the average degree of salinity. According to the prevailing ionic composition, most of the soils was foundd to belong to the sodium chloride class. Revealed growth of fine silt fraction (fine dust) during soil salinization was detected.
Landfills of municipal solid waste (MSW) have a negative impact on the environment and people: air, soil, surface water and groundwater are polluted. During the storage of MSW in the body of the landfill natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste takes place under conditions of oxygen lack, high temperature and humidity. One product of this process is landfill gas - a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of impurities (nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide). Tens and hundreds of different organic compounds are also included as a compound of landfill gas. The composition and content of the individual components in landfill gas depends on the composition of landfilled waste at the solid domestic garbage dump. The landfill gas and odor run to great distances. Construction, operation and closure of landfills give rise to a number of environmental problems associated with such a classification of landfills as a secondary source of pollution of the urban environment. The solution of such environmental problems offers a variety of options for the “recovery”, “remediation” and protective measures in areas of placement of landfills. For example, in the landfill “Timokhovo” there were studied the efficacy and safety of a new chemical treatment technologies and disposal of landfill gas As a result of the installation of the system for landfill gas purification there was established the decline in the total concentration of polluting compounds, as hydrocarbons (including saturated and aromatic), alcohols, oxygen and sulfur containing compounds by from 63 to 2200 times. There was reached 100% disposal of mercaptanes, sulfides, di- and trisulfides, naphthenic and terpenic hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds. The number of identified compounds was reduced by more than 2 times. However, at the output of the purification system there were revealed compounds not identified at the input of this system. It can be regarded due to the appearance of transformation products of flaring hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies directed to the identification with quantitative assessment of air emissions before and after the new system of utilization allow both perform monitoring emissions taking into account the real content and changes in group and component structure under the influence of the chemical impact of the new technologies and make recommendations for further improvement of gas purification systems in terms of environmental aspects.
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