High prevalence rates of overweight and obesity are increasingly common among indigenous Amazonian societies experiencing greater involvement in market economies. An important factor in such nutritional transition is internal socioeconomic differentiation, which partially accounts for fatness frequencies. We report the results of a diachronic anthropometric comparison and crosssectional anthropometric and socioeconomic survey of Xavante adults from a single, large community. Our data show an accelerated nutrition transition, with significant weight and BMI increases for males and females between 1962 and 2006. We also found income and wealth to be significantly associated with fatness measures for both sexes combined and for females separately. We interpret the observed gender differences as reflecting differences between male and female social dietary practices. Comparison with other studies in the Amazon region suggests that the relationships between internal socioeconomic differentiation and dietary health vary between cultural and economic settings. We also argue that parallels between Xavante health perspectives and epidemiological interpretations demonstrate the potential for proactive interchange between native and scientific health discourses.

We present empirical evidence on the real interest parity hypothesis for a set of emerging and developed countries. This is done by carrying out a set of unit-root tests on the real interest differentials with respect to the US. Our results support the hypothesis of a rapid reversion towards a zero differential for developed countries and towards a positive one for emerging markets. Mean reversion is faster for emerging market economies. We also find that this adjustment tends to be highly asymmetric and markedly different for developed and emerging markets. Our evidence reveals a high degree of market integration for developed countries and highlights the importance of risk premia for emerging markets.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of Xavante Indian children less than 10 years of age in Central Brazil and to evaluate the hypothesis of an association between child nutrition and socioeconomic differentiation in this population.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2006 that included all children under the age of 10 from the Xavante village Pimentel Barbosa in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The data collected included weight, height, and sociodemographic information. Sociodemographic data were used to generate two indices ("income" and "wealth") and to determine the proportion of adults in each household. Descriptive analyses were performed for weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A), and weight-for-height (W/H) using the NCHS and the WHO growth references. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using H/A and W/A as a response variables.ResultsOf a total of 246 children under the age of ten residing in the village, 232 (94.3%) were evaluated. Following the NCHS reference, 5.6% of children under the age of ten presented low W/A and 14.7% presented low H/A. Among children under the age of five, deficit percentages for weight and height were 4.5% and 29.9%, respectively, following the WHO curves. Among children < 2 years of age, H/A index variability was found to be directly related to child's age and inversely related to the proportion of adults in the household. Maternal BMI was positively associated with growth for children from 2 to 4 years of age, explaining 11.5% of the z-score variability for the H/A index. For children 5 years of age and older, the wealth index and maternal height were positively associated with H/A. No significant associations were found using W/A as the dependent variable.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that undernutrition, in particular linear growth deficit, is a notable health issue for Xavante children. These findings contrast with the nutritional profile observed among Brazilian children nationally, which is characterized by a sharp decline in child undernutrition in recent decades, even in the poorest regions of the country. This discrepancy calls attention to the persistent health disparities that exist between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil.

O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre o estado nutricional e a insatisfação da autoimagem corporal de idosas matriculadas no curso Alimentação, Nutrição e Terceira Idade da UnATI/UERJ. Realizou-se estudo seccional, com entrevista semiestruturada com todas as idosas (≥60 anos), obtendo-se informações referentes à percepção da imagem corporal (escala de nove silhuetas de Stunkard), indicadores socioeconômicos, de saúde, demográficos e cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os dados foram analisados por meio de teste qui-quadrado e a regressão linear simples (nível de significância=5%). Verificou-se que 50,0% eram eutróficas; 6,0% se encontravam na categoria de baixo-peso e 44,0% apresentavam sobrepeso (p=0,425). Quanto à percepção da imagem corporal, 74,0% (n=37;p=0,0049) estavam insatisfeitas com o corpo, principalmente pelo excesso (89,2%). Das pessoas que manifestaram insatisfação por baixo-peso, a maioria era eutrófica. Já entre as insatisfeitas por excesso, 30,2% não apresentavam excesso de peso. As silhuetas 2 e 3 foram apontadas como ideais por metade das entrevistadas, ainda que a autopercepção de 62,0% das idosas tenham sido as silhuetas 4 e 5. A barriga e membros, principalmente inferiores, foram as partes do corpo que as idosas menos gostavam (78,0%). A classificação na escala das silhuetas da imagem real aumenta conforme aumenta o IMC (p<0,001). Em relação à imagem ideal ocorre o oposto (p<0,001). Indivíduos com IMC elevado tendem a ser mais insatisfeitos com sua imagem corporal e essa insatisfação pode estar relacionada ao excesso de peso. Esse fato merece mais aprofundamento sobre os determinantes e os significados desta insatisfação na complexa relação corpo, beleza, saúde e envelhecimento.

The article aim to describe the history, purpose and health promotion action developed in the pilot Programa Academia da Cidade (PAC) in Belo Horizonte-MG. The PAC was implemented in 2005 to promote healthy ways of life through interdisciplinary interventions, mainly collective, which amplify the autonomy of individuals and to consider health demands of community, respecting cultural diversity. The first unit offering regular physical exercise and nutritional counseling integrated into basic health unit. The unit attends approximately 400 people who low income, unhealthy diet, excess of weight and comorbidities. The actions provided regular physical exercise, adopting healthier eating habits and weight reduction. The PAC contributes to health promotion with equity and social justice.

Efeitos da idade-período e coorte na mortalidade por câncer do ovário no Brasil e suas grandes regiõesEffects of age-period and cohort on mortality due to ovarian cancer in Brazil and its regions Efectos de la edad-período y cohorte en la mortalidad por cáncer de ovario en Brasil y sus macrorregiones Resumo Avaliar os efeitos da idade, período e coorte de nascimento (APC) na evolução temporal da mortalidade por câncer do ovário no Brasil e suas grandes regiões, entre o período de 1980de a 2014 ecológico de tendência temporal em que foram utilizados modelos APC com uma abordagem bayesiana e o método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) na inferência dos parâmetros. Os dados de mortalidade e os dados populacionais foram obtidos junto ao Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer do ovário, segundo região geográfica, foram padronizadas pelo método direito, após correção dos óbitos para causas maldefinidas e diagnóstico incompleto de câncer. No período de estudo, o Brasil apresentou 4,91 óbitos por câncer do ovário por 100 mil mulheres, as regiões Sul (5,66) e Sudeste (5,70) apresentaram as maiores taxas por 100 mil mulheres, e a Região Norte a menor (3,13/100 mil mulheres). Houve aumento progressivo da mortalidade com o avançar da idade em todas as regiões. O modelo APC multivariado de melhor ajuste evidenciou risco positivo de morte no Centro-oeste e Nordeste entre 2010-2014 e, a partir do período de 1995-1999, na Região Sul. Observou-se, ainda, risco positivo e significativo de morte para as coortes mais antigas no Sul e Sudeste, e risco reduzido para as coortes mais jovens. O inverso foi observado nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Evidenciou-se um padrão heterogêneo na evolução temporal da mortalidade por câncer do ovário nas regiões geográficas brasileiras, o que pode estar relacionado aos distintos processos de transição demográfica e epidemiológica vivenciados por estas regiões. Neoplasias Ovarianas; Mortalidade; Estudos de Séries Temporais ARTIGO ARTICLE Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. Meira KC et al. 2 Cad. Saúde Pública 2019; 35(3):e00087018Introdução O câncer do ovário representa o sétimo câncer mais incidente e a oitava causa de morte por câncer em mulheres no mundo. Em 2012, segundo o GLOBOCAN 1 , estimaram-se 239 mil casos novos (6,1 casos novos/100 mil mulheres) e 152 mil óbitos (3,8 óbitos/100 mil mulheres). Para o mesmo ano, ainda segundo o GLOBOCAN, o Brasil registrou incidência de 5,6 casos novos/100 mil mulheres e 2,7 óbitos/100 mil mulheres. O aumento da incidência esteve associado com as mudanças na estrutura etária da população, seu comportamento reprodutivo e hábitos e estilo de vida 1,2 . Ainda, podem sofrer o efeito do período das mudanças da classificação histológica da doença, assim como, da ampliação do acesso aos exame...

ABSTRACT:Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia, mean hemoglobin levels, and the main nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors among Xavante children in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methods: A survey was conducted with children under 10 years of age in two indigenous Xavante communities within the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve. Hemoglobin concentration levels, anthropometric measurements, and socioeconomic/demographic data were collected by means of clinical measurements and structured interviews. The cut-off points recommended by the World Health Organization were used for anemia classification. Linear regression analyses with hemoglobin as the outcome and Poisson regression with robust variance and with the presence or absence of anemia as outcomes were performed (95%CI). Results: Lower mean hemoglobin values were observed in children under 2 years of age, without a significant difference between sexes. Anemia was observed among 50.8% of children overall, with the highest prevalence among children under 2 years of age (77.8%). Age of the child was inversely associated with the occurrence of anemia (adjusted PR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.38-0.95) and mean hemoglobin values increased significantly with age. Greater height-for-age z-score values reduced the probability of having anemia by 1.8 times (adjusted PR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.34-1.00). Presence of another child with anemia within the household increased the probability of the occurrence of anemia by 52.9% (adjusted PR = 1.89; 95%CI 1.16-3.09). Conclusion: Elevated levels of anemia among Xavante children reveal a disparity between this Indigenous population and the national Brazilian population. Results suggest that anemia is determined by complex and variable relationships between socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and biological factors.

Impaired Xavante growth before 1 year followed by inconsistent recovery before 10 years reflects health and wellbeing disparities with regard to the Brazilian national population and a complex epidemiology of growth involving rapid nutritional change.