The results of this in vitro study suggest that NSF could have the greatest remineralization efficacy. NaF varnish and n-HAP serum were similar in remineralizing initial caries. Future clinical studies are recommended for selection of the most appropriate remineralizing agent in primary teeth.

Background:The learning styles are the distinctive learners’ strategies for information processing and discovering new concepts. One of the most important kinds of learning styles is the Witkin’s theory of field dependence-independence cognitive style.Objective:This study seeks to find the relationship between field dependence –independence cognitive style and English text reading comprehension, learning English as a foreign language, academic achievement and the choice of academic courses.Methods:In this study, 305 students (both girls and boys) studying at the junior level at high school in Sari were randomly selected through multistage selection who responded to Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT).Results:The data analysis was conducted by using regression analysis which showed that FDI cognitive styles determined the changes in dependant variables of reading comprehension score, learning English and the total average with the respective values of %8.8, %9.2 and %11.6 (p <0.05).Conclusion:Regarding the findings, it can be concluded that the more field independent, the higher the reading comprehension skills and learning English and the more academic achievement will result. The results of this study can help in selecting students’ courses and also better directing the learners to improve their learning.

Background:Traditional education classes are no more effective because they are tied to a particular place and time. Podcast complete the defection of other educational resources. In this study we aimed to address whether utilizing podcast multimedia training system has an effect on the motivational achievement and students learning of the Arabic course in high school.Methods:In this practical-purposed, descriptive and quasi-experimental study, pre- and post-test method in control and experiment groups was used. Researchers used simple random sampling method to form the groups.Results:The results showed the normal distribution of data according to the value of z (0.09) in the pre- and post-tests in both control and experiment groups. Therefore, the data distribution was normal (P>0.925). Significant differences between experimental and control groups in terms of academic level were not observed in the pre-test. There was no significant difference between the motivational achievement of education in post-test of control and experiment group (p>0.89).Conclusion:The results showed that teaching with podcast multimedia systems significantly increased learning of Arabic in the high school level. But of motivation reinforcement between traditional method and system for multimedia podcasts, showed no significant differences. Each variety of multimedia techniques can be beneficial for a specific course. Therefore, more studies on the effectiveness of podcast method in different courses to determine its effects are necessary.

Background and Objectives: Although zinc oxide (ZO)-calcium hydroxide (CaOH) mixtures have been successful regard- ing their absorption rate compatibility with dissolving primary teeth, no study has been conducted on the appropriate mixture ratio to obtain effective antibacterial properties. In this study, we compared antibacterial activity of CaOH-ZO pastes using different mixture ratios sagainst Enterococcus faecalis as an important bacterium in root canal treatment failure. Materials and Methods: Seven types of pastes were prepared in our laboratory. The first group included one gram of ZO+eu- genol, second group included one gram of CaOH+distilled water, third group included 0.5gram ZO+0.5gram CaOH+distilled water (1:1), forth group included 0.75gramCaOH+0.25gramZO+distilled water (3:1), the fifth group included 0.33gram of CaOH+0.66gram of ZO+distilled water (1:2), the sixth group included 0.75gram of ZO+0.25 CaOH+distilled water (3:1), the seventh group included 0.66 gram CaOH+0.33 gram ZO+distilled water (2:1), and the final group included one gram of gelatin+distilled water (as the control group). These pastes were compared regarding their antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis using agar diffusion and microdilution methods. Results: Except for the control group, all prepared pastes showed antibacterial properties. Order of minimum inhibitory concentration for pastes were as followed: CaOH-ZO (1:3)=CaOH-ZO (1:2)>CaOH-ZO (1:1)>CaOH-ZO (3:1)=CaOH-ZO (2:1)>CaOH=ZO-eugenol. Order of minimum bactericidal concentration, which shows a weaker bactericidal effect, accord- ing to type of paste, were as followed: CaOH-ZO (1:3)>CaOH-ZO mixture (1:2)>CaOH-ZO mixture (1:1)>CaOH-ZO mix- ture (3:1)=CaOH-ZO (2:1)>CaOH=ZO-eugenol. Only CaOH-ZO (1:3) and CaOH-ZO (1:2), showed significantly weaker MICs and MBCs (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Considering the limitations of an in-vitro study, in terms of anti-bacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis, CaOH-ZO mixture (2:1) is equivalent to ZO-eugenol as the most commonly used material in polypectomy of primary teeth.

Introdouction:Esthetic demands of patients have led to the introduction of tooth-colored restorations wherecomposite resins are bonded to the enamel using acid etch techniques. Total etch adhesion systems are still considered as the gold standard among bonding systems. However, clinicians have a tendency to use adhesive systems with simpler application procedures. The aim of the present study is to compare the shearbond strength of composite restorations to intact enamel of primary incisors when using different conditioners and adhesive systems. Materials and methods:This experimental study was conducted in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 53 teeth were collected and classified into five groups based on the bonding procedure. After composite buildup, specimens were placed in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1mm/ min. Inter-group comparison of the shearbond strength to enamel was analyzed employing one-way-ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS (Version 17, Chicago, IL, USA). Results:The highest shearbond strength was found in the second (37% phosphoric acid etching + Margin Bond adhesive system) and fifth groups (37% phosphoric acid etch + Tokuyama Bond Force adhesive system), and the lowest bond strength was found in the third group (Tokuyama Bond Force adhesive system alone) (p = 0.00). Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study, surface pre-treatment with 37% phosphoric acidalong with self-etching adhesive system resulted in increased shearbond strength in vitro. This method can be further studied in clinical settings.

Introduction:Nowadays, regarding the learners’ needs and social conditions, it is obviously needed to revise and reconsider the traditional methods and approaches in teaching. The problem solving approach is one of the new ways in Teaching and learning process. This study aimed at studying and examining the effect of “problem-solving” approach on creative thinking of high school female students.Methods:An experimental method is used for this research. In this research, 342 out of 3047 female-students from Sari high schools were randomly selected. These 342 students were divided into two groups (experimental and control) in which there were seven classrooms. The total number of students in every group was about 171. After testing them with Jamal Abedi creativity test, it was revealed that two groups were equal in creativity score. The tests were done through Requirements. The experimental group was taught by problem solving method for three months while the control group was taught by traditional method.Results:The research results showed that using descriptive indices and t-test for the two independent sample groups in which problem solving teaching method was used in teaching processes had an effect on creativity level in comparison with traditional method used in the control group.Conclusion:Considering the results of this study, the application of problem-solving teaching methods increased the creativity and its components (fluidity, expansion, originality and flexibility) in learners, therefore, it is recommended that students be encouraged to take classes on frequent responses on various topics (variability) and draw attention on different issues, and expand their analysis on elements in particular courses like art (expansion). To enhance the learner’s mental flexibility and attention to various aspects, they are encouraged to provide a variety of responses.

Simulation models for large complex reservoirs with a long production history are traditionally used in the framework of deterministic forecasts. The estimation of prediction uncertainties based on reservoir models with long run times is often impractical due to limited statistical data generated from direct full field reservoir simulation runs. Here, we use surrogate models to capture key performance indicators as a function of reservoir uncertainties. Monte Carlo sampling processes are applied for generating key parameter distributions and to identify representative simulation models for field development planning. Transparent workflow steps and a thorough validation exercise of the predictability of surrogate models is a prerequisite for obtaining prediction uncertainties based on proxy modeling results. In this work we present a case study for estimating prediction uncertainties including history data of a large mature offshore oil field. A workflow is designed for a limited number of simulation runs which is expected to affect the stability of statistical reservoir performance indicators. Proxy models are introduced in that framework for analyzing sensitivities and to prepare a basis for extensive data sampling. Alternative proxy modeling techniques are used to cross validate results. To assure an acceptable quality of the history match simulated field oil production rate and gas oil ratio as well as water cut and shut-in pressures in several wells are compared to their historical data. A quantitative measure for the simulation error is calculated for each case. Filtering techniques are applied for discriminating cases with a poor match quality. Sensitivities and correlation effects between field wide uncertainties and reservoir performance indicators are calculated. Representative full field simulation models representing P10, P50 and P90 for oil reserves are identified. The uncertainty quantification workflow was validated for a mature field case study and serves as a basis for field development planning scenarios.

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