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Aims Valsalva retinopathy produces sudden visual loss, which may be prolonged if untreated. Nd:YAG laser enables rapid diffusion of premacular subhyaloid haemorrhage. This study was performed to assess the long-term results and safety of Nd:YAG laser treatment in cases with Valsalva retinopathy. Methods Sixteen patients had Nd:YAG laser treatment to drain premacular haemorrhage. The follow-up period was 24 months. Results All eyes had marked clearing of haemorrhage and immediate improvement of vision following laser treatment. In 14 eyes visual acuity improved to 20/20 level at the end of the first week and the remaining two patients achieved 20/20 level within 1 month. No patient had evidence of retinal or choroidal damage. Conclusion Nd:YAG laser treatment for Valsalva retinopathy is an effective, noninvasive, and safe procedure for patients with a premacular subhyaloid haemorrhage larger than 3 disc diameter and no longer than 3 weeks of duration.

Subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab decreases the extent of chemically induced corneal neovascularization in guinea pigs. The antineovascular effect of bevacizumab is higher if the injection is performed simultaneously with the chemical cauterization.

Purpose To determine prognostic factors for open-globe Injuries (OGI).Methods Open-globe injuries referred to a tertiary referral clinic in Turkey between January 1998 and January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to find out the most important variables for poor visual outcome. Results Six hundred and thirty-three patients were studied with an average age of 24.37 ± 11.1 years (range 1-80).The male/ female ratio was 18.6/1. Most of the cases (48.2%) were conflict related, whereas the rate of work, accidental, and sports related cases were (33.1%), (17.9%) and (0.01%), respectively. Final visual acuity (VA) ranged from no perception of light (23%) to 200/200 (17.1%). The number of cases with a final VA > 20/200 were 388 (49.3%). Initial visual acuity < 20/200, ocular trauma score category 1, zone 3 injury, additional vitrectomy surgery, and lens damage were found to be the main variables related with poor visual outcome in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Besides ocular trauma score category and initial VA; zone of injury, additional surgeries, and initial lens damage had negative effects on visual outcome in OGI.

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Aim: To assess the disc area, age, sex, laterality (side of the eyes) and refractive error dependent differences in optic nerve head topographic parameters in a normal population. Methods: Optic nerve head topographic analysis of both eyes of 551 healthy Turkish subjects aged 11−75 years (1102 eyes) was performed using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II (HRT II). The effects of disc size, sex, laterality (side of the eyes), age and refractive error on optic nerve head topographic parameters were assessed. Subjects were divided into three different age groups (<30 years, 30−60 years, >60 years) and three different disc area groups (<2.00 mm2, 2.00−2.25 mm2, >2.25 mm2). Disc area, topography standard deviation and a total of 12 topographic parameters were calculated by HRT II for each subject. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t‐test, multiple regression analysis, Tukey‐HSD test, anova and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 543 subjects (298 women and 245 men) were included in the study. The mean disc area of the subjects was 2.12 ± 0.47 mm2 (range 1.16−4.98 mm2). The mean refractive error of the subjects was −0.58 ± 1.71 D (range −4.75 D to +4.25 D). The mean cup shape measure was −0.21 ± 0.07 (95% confidence interval −0.07 to −0.35). The disc area was significantly correlated with all of the topographic parameters but two; namely, the cup shape measure and the height variation contour. Significant age‐related differences were detected in four parameters (mean retinal nerve fibre layer [RNFL] thickness, disc area, cup‐to‐disc area ratio, cup area) and significant sex‐related differences were detected three parameters (mean RNFL thickness, height variation contour, RNFL cross‐sectional area). However, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters for laterality and refractive error. The parameter cup shape measure did not correlate with any of the five variables investigated. Conclusion: Cup shape measure was the only optic nerve head topographic parameter that was independent of age, sex, disc area, laterality and the refractive error. It seems to be a promising parameter in evaluation and comparison of the optic discs of normal subjects, with different disc area, age, sex, refraction error and laterality, as being independent of the main variation factors of the disc topography.

PurposeTo evaluate surgical intervention with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for correction of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M).Patients and methodsRetrospective chart review from 13 centres of 51 eyes of 50 patients with ODP-M who underwent PPV between 2002-2014. Anatomic and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes were evaluated for all cases with different adjuvant techniques.ResultsThere were 23 males and 27 females with median age 25.5 (6-68) years. Preoperative median foveal thickness was 694.5 (331-1384) μm and improved to 252.5 (153-1405) μm. Median BCVA improved from 20/200 (20/20000 to 20/40) to 20/40 (20/2000 to 20/20) with 20/40 or better in 31 eyes. Complete retinal reattachment was achieved in 44 eyes (86.3%) at 7.1 (5.9) months. The good surgical outcomes were achieved in different adjuvant groups. Median follow-up was 24 (6 to 120) months.ConclusionsThese results confirm the long-term effectiveness of PPV for ODP-M. Prospective studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of any adjuvant technique in improving the success of PPV for ODP-M.

IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract effectively suppressed cataract formation in rats. Routine consumption of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the form of food or dietary supplement may offer a prophylactic measure against onset and progression of cataract.