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Objective The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15‐item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three‐week test–retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Method After the back‐translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. Results Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one‐factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test–retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. Conclusion This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross‐cultural studies in this field. Public Significance The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

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AGRADECIMENTOSAgradeço em primeiro lugar, as crianças participantes, aos pais, professores e diretores das escolas. Sem vocês este sonho não seria realizado.À querida Telma Maria Braga Costa por ter sempre as portas abertas para mim, por todo o entusiasmo, confiança e por ter sido muito mais que minha orientadora neste processo.Ao Prof. Sebastião de Sousa Almeida por toda a orientação e confiança em meu trabalho.Ao meu marido João Neto por me mostrar seu amor e o quanto acredita em mim ao abrir mão de estar ao lado de sua família para que eu realizasse este sonho.Aos meus filhos João e Joaquim por entenderem minhas ausências em alguns momentos e por me terem como exemplo. Vocês são minha maior conquista. Aos meus pais Romeu e Sônia por me apoiarem sempre em todos os momentos da minha vida. Sei que vocês torcem muito por mim. As minhas irmãs Fernanda, Adriana e Caroline por vibrarem a cada etapa vencida do meu trabalho. Em especial a Caroline e a Fernanda que trabalharam ativamente para que o projeto fosse executado. Aos meus sogros João e Sandra por me receberem em sua casa e me ajudarem no cuidado e atenção aos meus filhos nos momentos de ausência. Á Maria Fernanda Laus pelas direções, conselhos e apoio na elaboração do projeto. Á Gabriela Xavier pela parceria na busca de artigos, na estatística, nos congressos e nos momentos de aflições durante o percurso. todo o apoio e torcida E aos meus queridos amigos João Cunha e Mayra por estarem sempre ao meu lado, por todo o apoio e carinho. Vocês foram fundamentais nesta jornada. Palavras-chave: Imagem corporal. Escala de silhuetas. Pré-escolar. Fidedignidade. Validade.ABSTRACT JUNQUEIRA, A.C.P. Development of Brazilian silhouettes scales for children between four and six years old. 2016. 117f. Dissertação (Mestrado) -Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. The aim of this study was to develop two silhouettes scales for children of both sexes between four and six years old to evaluate the perception and body size dissatisfaction. The study consisted of two phases. The first phase consisted in the construction of a two-dimensional silhouettes' scale and a three-dimensional silhouettes' scale, from the photos of 18 volunteer children, who were divided into nine children of each sex, one representative for each BMI range established for the construction of the scales. To ensure the psychometric qualities of the instruments, it was settled that the mean values of BMI for each figure would be calculated with a constant increase of 1.9 kg/m². Children with a body mass index equal to the mean of the ranges specified for the pictures of the sequence of scales. These photos have been transformed by a graphic designer in a file for 3D printing and a 2D front file of children's silhouettes. The second phase included the analysis of the psychometric properties of the instruments. Data collection occurred in four private schools in different cities. The study included 193 children aged from four to six years old, being 102 femal...

JUNQUEIRA, A.C.P. Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Characteristics of two positive body image evaluation instruments for Brazil. 2020. 143f. Tese (Doutorado) -

Objective: Evaluate differences in disordered eating symptoms between men and women who practice CrossFit and to evaluate its predictors in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study (April to June 2019) was carried out with 194 adults (103 women and 91 men) enrolled in private CrossFit boxes in Brazil, with a mean age of 30.19 years (SD = 5.34). Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (disordered eating), the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (body-ideal internalization), and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (drive for muscularity). A series of Student's t-tests was applied to test differences in disordered eating symptoms between men and women. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to evaluate predictors of disordered eating for both sexes. Results: Women showed greater disordered eating symptoms, dietary restrictions and excessive concern about thinness than men. Moreover, younger women with a higher BMI are more likely to have disordered eating symptoms. Higher drive for muscularity and greater general body-ideal internalization were also associated with disordered eating among women. In men, muscularity-oriented behavior was the only predictor of disordered eating. Conclusion: These findings are relevant, as they point out that women who practice CrossFit seem to be a high risk group for the development of eating disorders. In addition, muscularity-oriented behaviors in men and the drive for muscularity, internalization of the ideal body, BMI and age in women are predictors of disordered eating in CrossFit practitioners.

In many countries, women are socialized to adopt a narrow definition of beauty. Research has revealed that, in the United States and China, the ability to broadly conceptualize beauty (perceive beauty in diverse body sizes, shapes, and appearances) is linked to women’s lower anti-fat attitudes, higher body appreciation, and higher well-being. In this study, we translated an existing measure of this construct, the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluated the factor structure and reliability and validity of its scores with a diverse sample of 563 Portuguese women. Findings revealed that the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS contains two factors—external/appearance features of beauty (BCBS-E) and internal features of beauty (BCBS-I)—contrary to the unidimensional factor structure found in previous studies. Support for internal consistency and 3-week test–retest reliability was garnered. Total BCBS and BCBS-E scores evidenced convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, whereas the BCBS-I did not accrue substantial convergent or incremental validity support beyond its inverse bivariate association with anti-fat attitudes. We recommend the use of the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS in body image research programs as well as clinical practice and prevention programs with Brazilian women seeking support for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.