Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising molecular spectroscopic technique to study chemical reactions catalyzed by nobel metal nanoparticles. Herein, the Au nanostar (NS)‐catalyzed hydride reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol chemisorbed at the metal/solution interface was followed by SERS. By developing a simple two‐step route, we demonstrated shape‐controlled synthesis and morphology‐dependent catalytic activity of AuNSs. The kinetic SERS monitoring of the reaction on the Au surface indicates that the catalytic activity of the AuNSs correlates with the sharpness of their tips. This is consistent with the known size‐dependent catalytic activity of small AuNPs. In contrast to the complex bifunctional nanostructures reported previously, this work shows that AuNSs are bifunctional nanostructures suitable for investigating Au‐catalyzed reactions. A proposed electron transfer mechanism explains the reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol on AuNS tips where –NO2 groups have no direct contact with the catalyst. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This study conforms our hypothesis that there are elite maize inbred lines, which can be considered actual and prestigious as they have not only a property of the water status and a greater grain dry down rate during the maturation period, but also a property of the efficient photosynthetic-fluorescence model that is successfully used in the contemporary processes of breeding, and thereby in the development of new and yielding maize hybrids. Presented results obtained on the dynamics of grain dry down during the maturation period and on photosynthetic-fluorescence parameters (temperature dependence of the chlorophyll delayed fluorescence intensity, the Arrhenius plot for the determination of critical temperatures, i.e. phase transition temperatures and the activation energy) show that properties of the observed inbreeds are based on effects and nature of conformational and functional changes occurring in their thylakoid membranes and other chemical structures of grain tissues. Summarized results of studies on actual and prestigious properties of maize inbreeds will contribute to more exact, rational and expeditious proceedings of contemporary processes of breeding
Significant genotype x environment interaction for quantitative traits, such is grain yield, reduces the usefulness of genotype means, over all environments, for selecting superior genotypes. AMMI model is a valuable statistical tool in identifying systemic variation contained in the interaction effect. Obtained data could be applied in maximizing yield potential in every environment based on both narrow and wide genotype adaptability, without the necessity of developing breeding programs for smaller targeted environments. Precise assortment of superior genotypes, with the assistance of AMMI model, leads to the better recommendation of newly bred hybrids, and thus increasing maize grain yield in a targeted environment. In this research genotype x environment interaction and yield stability of 36 maize hybrids of FAO 300-700 maturity group was investigating. The trial was set according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were processed in order to obtain average estimates of grain yield, and yield stability was assessed by the method of AMMI analysis. The highest average grain yield was achieved in 2011 (11.62 t/ha), and the lowest in the most stressful and dry 2012 (6.90 t/ha). In the region Loznica L2 the highest average yield was noticed (13.81 t/ha), while at L7 (Sremska Mitrovica) average grain yield was the lowest (6.97 t/ha). Results of AMMI analysis gave precise recommendation for production of maize hybrids in certain environments, by determining winning areas of hybrids H20, H11 and H36. Medium early maturing and high yielding hybrids (H11 and H20) are therefore considered more favorable for production in environments with lower precipitation, while high yielding and more stable hybrids H21 and H35 are suitable for a wider range of environments. Hybrid H36 (FAO 700) showed its full potential at L2, and L3 which did not suffer from a lack of moisture. This hybrid also expressed its best potential in environments with favorable conditions.
In this study 36 maize hybrids of different FAO maturity groups were observed in three successive years (2011, 2012 and 2013) je u 2011. godini (11,62 t/ha), а najniži u 2012. godini (6,90 t/ha). Najniži prosečan procenat vlage zrna kukuruza u ogledu ostvaren je u veoma sušnoj 2012. godini (14,86%), dok između vrednosti ostvarenih u 2011. godini (19,47%) i 2013. godini (19,52%) nije bilo značajnije razlike. Vrednosti težine zrna po klipu kukuruza bile su direktno srazmerne vrednostima prinosa. Najveća zapreminska masa zrna kukuruza ostvarena je u sušnoj 2012. godini (74,84 kg/hl), dok je najmanje izmrena u kišovitoj 2013. godini (70,47 kg/hl).Rezultati ovog istraživanja potvrđuju neophodnost izvođenja višelokacijskih i višegodišnjih ogleda u cilju što boljeg sagledavanja intenziteta interakcija genotip x sredina, i njihovog uticaja na prinos i komponente prinosa hibrida kukuruza različitih FAO grupa zrenja na teritoriji Srbije. Da bi proizvodnja kukuruza bila stabilna, farmerima koji nemaju mogućnost navodnjavanja, već kukuruz gaje u suvom ratarenju, treba savetovati da seju hibride različite dužine vegetacije.
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