ResumenSe evaluó el efecto de cuatro modos de contacto (directo, morfología lingüística, observacional y directo más descripción) sobre la adquisición y transferencia de una discriminación condicional y la generación de descripciones tipo regla. Participaron dieciséis universitarios experimentalmente ingenuos, con edades entre 18 y 21 años. Se utilizó un diseño intragrupo con prueba inicial, entrenamiento, tarea de generación de regla y pruebas de transferencia (extrainstancia, extramodal y extrarrelacional), con igualación a la muestra de segundo orden como tarea experimental base. Los resultados sugieren que: a) tanto el modo observacional -sin componentes instrumentales-como el de morfología lingüística -sin contacto perceptual directo con los arreglos-permiten la adquisición y transferencia de la discriminación condicional, así como la emergencia de reglas; y b) no hay una relación consistente entre la emergencia de reglas y la transferencia extrarrelacional efectiva. Los resultados se discuten en torno a la necesidad de: a) contacto directo con las contingencias para la transferencia y la emergencia de reglas, b) participación de un segmento lingüístico (i.e. regla) para la transferencia extrarrelacional efectiva. Palabras clave: contacto observacional, morfología lingüística, discriminación condicional, reglas CONTACT MODE: EFFECT ON CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION ACQUISITION, TRANSFER AND RULE EMERGENCE AbstractThis study examined the effect of four contact modes (direct, morphology, linguistic, observational, and direct plus description) on the acquisition and transfer of conditional discrimination and the emergence of rules. Sixteen experimentally naive university students, aged between 18 and 21 years, participated in the study. A within-subject design that involved initial test, training, rule generation, and testing transfer (extra instance test, extra modal test, extra relational test) was used. A second order matching to sample task was used. The results suggest that: a) both the observational mode without instrumental components and the linguistic morphology without direct perceptual contact allow the acquisition and transfer of conditional discrimination and the emergence of rules; b) there is no consistent relationship between the rules and the effective extrarelational transfer. Results are discussed in terms of the need for: i) direct contact with contingencies for the transfer and emergence of rules, ii) participation of a linguistic segment (rule) for the effective extrarelational transfer. El autor agradece la subvención del CONACyT para la realización de la presente investigación. El autor agradece a Carlos R. Zenteno su apoyo en la programación de las tareas experimentales. León, A. (2015). Modo de contacto: efecto sobre la adquisición y transferencia de una discriminación condicional de segundo orden y la emergencia de reglas. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 18(1),[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Referencia:
En este trabajo se examina si la patente por no uso de derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas implementada en Chile en 2005 ha incentivado la utilización de las aguas sin uso. Se analizan descriptivamente dos comparaciones: patentes cobradas respecto de recaudadas y precio de mercado de derechos comparado con el cobro de patente. Se observa que en los sucesivos procesos de cobro de patentes, la recaudación aumentó del 67% en 2007 al 81,4% en 2009 respecto del total cobrado. Además, se determinó que varios años de pago de patente equivalen al precio de mercado de los derechos de aguas. Se concluye que la patente no ha sido eficaz en desincentivar el no uso, puesto que los propietarios tienden a pagar lo cobrado para no perder derechos cuyos precios de mercado superan a los de las patentes. Asimismo, se sugieren algunas mejoras al diseño legal del instrumento.
Purpose – This paper seeks to propose measures to improve management of rainfall-related disasters in Chile. Design/methodology/approach – This research was carried out as a case study in the semi-arid region of Chile where above-normal rainy events occur once or twice during some rainy seasons. Measures to improve management are suggested based on theory, field data, and community participation. The method was based on a review of both the scientific literature and the local media; and a semi-structured survey that was applied to local parties, including the population affected by past disasters. Also, some participatory activities (i.e. workshops) were organized in order to include the community opinions. Findings – Results show that there have been significant advances during the last decade in Chile regarding disaster management. Yet, improvements need to be done at the local level in order to achieve a holistic, proactive and integrative management, including community participation and sharing responsibilities. A key element is increased coordination and cooperation. Practical implications – Benefit the communities and public agencies associated with disaster management, through practical recommendations based on theoretical issues and findings derived from fieldwork. Originality/value – This is one of the very few scientific research efforts done in Chile based on a case study that includes social aspects (e.g. community participation, social vulnerability) and disaster management
Resumen: En un contexto en que hay gran interés en intensificar la colaboración internacional dentro de la práctica científica, este trabajo plantea un acercamiento sobre cómo medir y visualizar el trabajo colaborativo internacional a nivel institucional. Como caso de estudio consideramos las tres áreas del Subsistema de Investigación Científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. La información se obtuvo de la base de datos Web of Science, Core Collection y consideramos la producción con participación de instituciones extranjeras (coautoría), en el periodo 1981 a 2013. Para medir la colaboración internacional construimos un índice con base en el número de colaboraciones por institución, en que dichos vínculos se ponderaron a partir de su consistencia durante el periodo considerado. Otro índice toma en cuenta las instituciones extranjeras y países de origen. Visualizamos las redes con Pajek.Palabras clave: redes académicas; colaboración internacional; UNAM; práctica científica. The local and the global of scientific collaboration: what does it mean and how to visualize and measure it?Abstract: In a context in which there is great interest in intensifying international collaboration within scientific practice, this paper presents an approach on how to measure and visualize international collaborative work at the institutional level. As a case study, the three areas in scientific research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico were considered. The information was obtained from the Web of Science database, Core Collection, and all production made with participation of foreign institutions (co-authorship) from 1981 until 2013 was also considered. In order of measuring the international collaboration, we built an index based on the number of collaborations per institution, weighting these links on the base of their consistency during the considered period. A second index was calculated taking into account foreign institutions and countries of origin. Visualizations were made with Pajek.
Objective:In this article we present a set of different visualizations of Mexico's nanomedicine scientific production data. Method: Visualizations were developed using different methodologies for data analysis and visualization such as social network analysis, geography of science maps, and complex network communities analysis. Results: Results are a multi-dimensional overview of the evolution of nanomedicine in Mexico. Moreover, visualizations allowed to identify trends and patterns of collaboration at the national and international level. Trends are also found in the knowledge structure of themes and disciplines. Finally, we identified the scientific communities in Mexico that are responsible for the new knowledge production in this emergent field of science.
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