No abstract

One-step repair of OLTs had good clinical results that were durable over time, even though there was a slight decrease in AOFAS score at the latest follow-up. The quality of the regenerated tissue detected by MRI T2 mapping directly correlated with the clinical results.

The results of autologous chondrocyte implantation in the ankle joint are comparable with those in the knee as demonstrated by the significant clinical improvement, hyaline cartilage repair, and the durability of the results. Integration of both T2 mapping and Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair scoring permitted adequate evaluation of the repair site in the ankle.

To date, ACI and BMDCT showed to be effective regenerative techniques for the treatment of OLT. BMDCT could be preferred over ACI for the single step procedure, patients' discomfort and lower costs.

A 2-stage revision is an accepted option in cases of excessive tunnel enlargement and bone loss, especially on the femoral side, to achieve anatomic reconstruction. Nonanatomic over-the-top ACL reconstruction and lateral extra-articular plasty technique allow one to overcome difficult anatomic situations on the femoral side, permitting a 1-step surgery. The overall results obtained in this series are comparable with those of other ACL revision series. The higher rate of mild instability observed in our series may not be attributable to the surgical technique but rather to the chronic instability suffered by these knees before last revision.

IV, retrospective case series.

All of the techniques were effective in achieving good clinical and radiographic results in patients with osteochondritis dissecans, and the effectiveness of autologous chondrocyte implantation was confirmed at a mean follow-up of five years. Newer techniques such as MaioRegen implantation and the "one-step" transplantation technique are based on different rationales; the first relies on the characteristics of the scaffold and the second on the regenerative potential of mesenchymal cells. Both of these newer procedures have the advantage of being minimally invasive and requiring a single operation.

The use of BFOA represents an intriguing alternative to arthrodesis or arthroplasty. We believe precise allograft sizing, stable fitting and fixation and delayed weightbearing were key factors for a successful outcome. Further research regarding the immunological behavior of transplanted cartilage is needed.