Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of intoxications in humans. Also, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is an emerging problem in food-producing animals. The presence of MRSA in milk may create a risk to public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of MRSA in bulk tank milk samples. Dne hundred and twenty bulk tank milk samples were analyzed using the convenient sampling method. The isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting nuc and mecA gene in S. aureus. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were tested by disc agar diffusion method. On the current study, S. aureus was detected in 44 (36.66%) of the samples. The presence of the mecA gene was found to be positive in 40 (75.4%) of the 53 S. aureus isolates. As a result of the study, a high incidence of MRSA was detected in bulk tank milk samples. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are at risk of being transferred to humans via milk. For safe and healthy milk consumption, uncontrolled use of antibiotics in dairy cows should be avoided.

No abstract

Salmonella Enteritidis is the major cause of foodborne salmonellosis affecting human health. The light emitting diodes (LEDs) is a novel approach to inactivate of the foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of 405 nm LEDs illumination on S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis PT4. The irradiance of the 405 nm LEDs was 27.7 mW/cm 2 . Bacterial cultures suspended in tryptic soy broth were illuminated by 10-watt LEDs at a distance of 4.5 cm for 24 hours at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. Approximately 7-log reduction in colony forming unit (CFU) counts of both S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis PT4 at each temperature were observed following exposure after 7.5 hours to the LEDs, concluding that temperature did not affect the inactivation of the bacteria. The decimal reduction times (D-values) for the serotypes ranged from 55.78 to 67.88 min at 4, 25 and 37 °C after 405 nm LEDs illumination. No significant difference in D-values was observed among both the serotypes and temperatures, except for S. Enteritidis which had lower D-value at 4 °C. The LEDs technology has shown antibacterial efficacy and can be implemented in the food processing for reducing S. Enteritidis.

Salmonella Enteritidis is amongst the most common causes of foodborne salmonellosis. Multi-drug resistant Salmonella strains has been associated with treatment failures. Plant-derived phytochemicals may be an alternative to antibiotics in combating these bacteria. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of curcumin, carvacrol and styrax liquidus on S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis PT4.Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of these substances were detected at 1.5, 3, 7.5 and 24 h by broth microdilution method to evaluate their time-dependent antibacterial activities. The findings of the present study showed that MIC values of carvacrol, curcumin and styrax liquids for both S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis PT4 were 125.0 µg/mL, 132.5 µg/mL, 31.3 mg/mL for 24 h, respectively. Also, a time-dependent change was observed in the MIC values of curcumin. Carvacrol, curcumin and styrax liquidus can be used to provide antimicrobial effect on S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis PT4 in food applications, taking into account the MIC values and contact times.

Summary:Ionophore antibiotics in sub-therapeutic doses have been used since 1970s to improve ruminal fermentation. But use of antibiotics as feed additives was banned in the European Union and Turkey in 2006 since they leave residues in animal products and develop resistance in bacteria. This has shifted the focus of the studies to safer alternatives such as plant extracts and their secondary metabolites to alter ruminal fermentation in order to improve ruminant productivity. In this review, general and recent knowledge about plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites as modifiers of ruminal fermentation are summarized. Furthermore, potential efficacies and possible disadvantages of these substances are also discussed.Keywords: Plant extracts, plant secondary metabolites, rumen fermentation.

No abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species is a mycotoxin that contaminates different foods and feedstuffs, including cereals, coffee beans, nuts, cocoa, pulses, beer, wine, spices, dried vine fruits, meat, milk. In humans and animals, OTA has been observed to be particularly nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Ochratoxin A is a stable molecule and can remain unchanged even after the processes applied. In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of ochratoxin A in milk samples (n:40) collected from bulk tank milks in Burdur province of Turkey. The presence of OTA in the samples was analyzed by using ELISA. The analyzes were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. As a result, Ochratoxin A was found in 40 cow's milk samples (range 2-270 ng/l) collected from bulk milk tanks. The results of this study show that cow's milk should be considered as a potential OTA source in the human diet. It is proposed to examine the presence of OTA more intensively in dairy products and to determine their maximum limit values by conducting necessary studies. Süt Toplama Tanklarında Okratoksin A Varlığının Belirlenmesi ÖZOkratoksin A (OTA), Aspergillus ve Penicillium türü mantarlar tarafından sentezlenen ve tahıl, kahve çekirdeği, fındık, kakao, bakliyat, bira, şarap, baharat ve kuru üzümde bulunabilen bir mikotoksindir. İnsanlarda ve hayvanlarda, OTA özellikle nefrotoksik, hepatotoksik, nörotoksik, embriyotoksik, immunotoksik, teratojenik ve karsinojenik etkiler gösterir. Okratoksin A kısmen kararlı bir moleküldür ve gıdalara uygulanan işlemlerden sonra bile değişmeden kalabilir. Bu çalışmada; Burdur bölgesinde bulunan süt toplama tanklarında (n:40) OTA varlığının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Örneklerde OTA varlığı ELISA kullanılarak analiz edildi. Analizler üreticinin talimatlarına göre yapıldı. Süt toplama tanklarından alınan 40 inek süt örneğinde (2-270 ng/l aralığında) OTA bulundu. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, inek sütünün insan beslenmesinde potansiyel bir OTA kaynağı olarak görülmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. OTA varlığını süt ürünlerinde daha yoğun bir şekilde incelenmesi ve gerekli mevzuat çalışmaları yapılarak maksimum limit değerlerinin belirlenmesi önerilmektedir.

The microflora of the intestinal tract is vital to many physiological functions, mainly fermentation and processing of dietary components, control of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, development of the immune system, and protection against pathogens. Plant extracts have potential for treatment options that protect commensal or beneficial microflora in the intestines while eliminating pathogens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of Pinus brutia (Turkish red pine) bark extract containing phenolic compounds on some commensal and pathogenic bacteria from the intestinal microflora using a microdilution method. Pinus brutia bark extract did not completely inhibit any intestinal bacteria. However, the extract showed a potential inhibitor activity on Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus from 75 µg/mL, on Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum from 150 µg/mL, and on Clostridium perfringens from 300 µg/mL concentrations (P<0.05). Commensal bacteria were observed to be less sensitive to the extract than those of the pathogenic strains. The extract stimulated moderately the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum from 75 µg/mL dose (P<0.05). The extract did not show any activity on Lactobacillus acidophilus. A potential inhibitor activity was observed for Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus casei at 600-2400 µg/mL (P<0.05). As a conclusion, P. brutia bark extract, at 75-300 μg/mL dose range, had a potential to restrict pathogenic bacteria in the intestines while protect commensal or beneficial ones. Specified effects might be mainly attributed to its polyphenolic content. Fenolik bileşikler içeren Pinus brutia kabuğu ekstraktının bağırsak mikroflorasında bulunan bazı yerleşik ve patojenik bakteriler üzerine etkisi ÖZ Bağırsak kanalı mikroflorası, başlıca diyet bileşenlerinin fermentasyonu ve işlenmesi, bağırsak epitel hücre çoğalmasının kontrolü, bağışıklık sisteminin gelişimi ve patojenlere karşı koruma olmak üzere birçok fizyolojik fonksiyon için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bitki ekstraktları bağırsaklardaki patojenleri elimine ederken yerleşik veya iyi huylu mikroflorayı koruyan tedavi seçenekleri için potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fenolik bileşikler içeren Pinus brutia (Türk kızılçamı) kabuğu ekstraktının, bağırsak mikroflorasında bulunan bazı yerleşik ve patojenik bakteriler üzerindeki etkisini mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanarak araştırmaktır. Pinus brutia kabuğu ekstraktı hiçbir bağırsak bakterisini tamamen baskılamamıştır. Bununla birlikte, ekstrakt Salmonella Typhimurium ve Staphylococcus aureus üzerine 75 µg/ mL'den, Escherichia coli ve Fusobacterium nucleatum üzerine 150 µg/mL'den ve Clostridium perfringens üzerine 300 µg/mL'den başlayan konsantrasyonlarda bir potansiyel baskılayıcı aktivite göstermiştir (P<0,05). Yerleşik bakterilerin ise ekstrakta patojenlerden daha az duyarlı olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ekstrakt, Bifidobacterium bifidum'un üremesini 75 µg/mL dozdan başlayarak ılımlı bir şekilde uyarmıştır (P<0,05). Ekstrakt, Lactobacillus acidophilus üzer...