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This study was carried out to offer a detailed ultrasonographic description of the pelvic girdle mature cows. Twenty mature and clinically healthy cows of the local (Balady) breed were examined ultrasonographically. A complete pelvic examination was carried out after animal restraint. All components of the pelvic girdle including osseous structures, joints, ligaments and tendons were examined and evaluated both externally and internally. For each measured item, the obtained results were compared between the right and left sides. The pelvic tuberosities (sacral tuber, coxal tuber, and ischial tuber) appeared as convex arches with a variant degree of irregularities on the surfaces. The bony outside surfaces of iliac wing and body and the ischium appeared as thin hyperechoic concave arches; while the inside surfaces of the tabula of the Ischium, pubis, medial aspect of the acetabulum and the iliac body appeared as thin hyperechoic convex arches. Pelvic articulations including hip joint and sacroiliac joint appeared as anechoic band bounded by hyperechoic arches. The pelvic tendon and ligaments appeared as echogenic structures with a longitudinal linear fiber pattern. The obtained results can be used as a guide for pelvic examination in mature cows.

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This study was conducted to provide detailed a comparative ultrasonographic description of the pelvis in clinically normal horses and donkeys. It was carried out on 48 mature animals (30 horses and 18 donkeys). Evaluation of the pelvis was performed using transcutaneous and transrectal techniques. The following structures were examined: the tubera sacrales (the shape and distance between them and the distance between each of them and the first sacral spinous process), the ilial wing, the tuber coxae, the ilial body, the hip joint, the tuber ischii, the third trochanter, the appearance and measurements of the dorsal and lateral parts of the dorsal sacroiliac ligament and the thoracolumbar fascia, the ischiatic table, the obturator foramen and its contents, the pubis, the medial aspect of the acetabulum and the ilial body, the sacroiliac joint and the ventral aspect of the sacrum. For each evaluated structure, the results obtained were compared between horses and donkeys. A high correspondence was found between the pelvises of horses and donkeys concerning their ultrasonographic appearance and measurements, except for the cross sectional area of both dorsal parts of the dorsal sacroiliac ligament-thoracolumbar fascia combination, and the sacroiliac joint width, where there were significant differences between them. key words: donkey; horse; pelvic ultrasonography; transcutaneous; transrectal ________________________________________________________________________________________ introduction Infections and injuries of the pelvis are common in equine species. They are one of the major causes of hind limb lameness that greatly affects animal performance and may lead to its culling (ALMANZA and WHITCOMB, 2003; PILSWORTH, 2003; BERTONI

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Key words:Chitosan gel, Donkeys, Histopathological changes, Wound healing Chitosan is one of the natural bioactive materials known for its wound healing effect. Healing of equine's wounds are often delayed and complicated. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of chitosan gel on healing of equine skin-wounds in comparison to povidone-iodine (as control). Six adult male donkeys were used and divided equally into two groups; group A (2x2 cm skin-wound) and group B (4x4 cm skin-wound). Full thickness skin-wounds were created on forearms and shoulders. Wounds at the right side were irrigated using povidone-iodine, while wounds at the left side were dressed using chitosan gel. Clinically, chitosan treated wounds contracted faster than control wounds, and shoulder-wounds contracted faster than that of the forearm. By the end of the experiment all chitosan treated wounds were completely healed with intact epidermis. In contrast, 10.4 % and 13.3 % of wound's area treated with povidone-iodine in group B at the shoulder and the forearm regions, respectively, still unclosed. Grossly, povidoneiodine treated wounds in both regions, were covered with scab in group A, and had an area of granulation tissue in the wound-centers in group B. Chitosan treated wounds, in both groups in both regions, were completely covered with cornified epithelium. Microscopically, the re-epithelialization was uncompleted in povidone-iodine treated wounds in both groups in both regions. In contrary, complete epidermal layer was observed in wounds treated with chitosan in both groups in both regions. Finally, chitosan gel may be better than povidone-iodine in healing of equine skin wounds.

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The purpose of this study was to highlight the possible causes of humeral fracture in mature pregnant buffalos at late gestation, in order to reduce its economic losses caused by slaughtering of the animal with the subsequent loss of the offspring and milk production. This study was performed over 3 years. Anatomical characteristics of the right and left humerus of mature buffalos were evaluated in fifty specimens (right and left of the same animals) using gross and radiological examinations (X-rays and CT). Biochemical analysis of blood serum samples collected from 45 mature female Egyptian buffalos was performed using the spectrophotometric method. The result of the present study indicated that humeral fracture (especially) in pregnant Egyptian buffalos during the last period of gestation have anatomic and metabolic factors, which interact and attribute to render the bone liable to fracture with minimum amount of stress. During this critical period, the heavy pregnant buffalos female requires careful management and handling.