Milk play a major role in human sources of nutrition and remain as the most important prominent in the Sudanese diet. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are humans and animals opportunistic pathogens, responsible for a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the commercial available milk and to detect ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae from raw milk samples of cow in Al Jazirah state, Sudan. Seventy fresh row cow milk samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological methods, ESBL detection was performed on all the isolates by Ceftazidime screening test, those shows positive results by screening method were subjected to ESBL confirmatory test using Double-Disk Synergy Test and Molecular base detection using conventional PCR. Out of the 70 collected samples, 58 (82.8%) showed positive isolating result, the highest prevalence of the isolates was K. pneumoniae 36 (62%) followed by E. coli 22 (38%). The most resistance antibiotics against isolates was Ampicillin (98%), ESBL production was detected among 17 out of the 22 isolated E. coli (29.3%) and 26 (44.8%) out of the 36 isolated K. pneumoniae. The ESBL gene encoding the ESBL isolates was CTX-M gene representing 61% fellows by SHV gene (23%) and TEM gene (16%). ESBL-producing bacteria may also be transferred via waste milk to calves, thus further spreading antibiotic resistance in the farm environment.

Considering the potentiality of honey in combating diseases, the present study was carried out aiming to assess the i n vitro antiprotozoal activity of several honeys ( Ziziphus spina-christi , Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, and Cucurbita maxima ) against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia by employing the sub-culture method. All the tested honeys inhibited the growth of trophozoites, and the level of inhibition varied according to the assayed concentrations and incubation times. Acacia seyal honey had completely stopped motility of E. histolytica trophozoites at a concentration ≤ 50 µg/ml after incubation for 72 h. Ziziphus spina-christi , Acacia seyal , and Acacia nilotica honeys had completely inhibited the growth of Giardia lamblia trophozoites at concentration ≤ 200 µg/ml after 72 h. These inhibitory activities were similar to that of Metronidazole™ which showed IC 50 = 0.27. The mammalian cytotoxicity of these honeys against normal Vero cell line which determined by applying MTT method verified the nontoxicity of the examined honeys. Also the proximate composition of the samples indicated compliance with the natural honey standards. The findings of the study indicate the need for in vivo studies and further investigations to identify active principles with antiprotozoal activities from natural honeys.

Prosopis juliflora belongs to the family Fabaceae and is commonly known as mesquite. It has been used as a folk remedy for catarrh, cold, diarrhea, dysentery, excrescences, flu, hoarseness, inflammation, measles, sore throat, and in the healing of wounds. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antitumor, and anthelminitic activities are also reported and it contains phytochemicals such as flavonols, alkaloids, tannins, ellagic acid, glycosides, steroids, and various phenolic compounds. It is reported to be used as feed for cattle worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant (DPPH assay) and Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of P. juliflora. The ethanolic leaves extract of P. juliflora was screened for antioxidant screening using 2.2Di (4-tert-octylPhenyl)-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH), compared with p. galate as standard antioxidant. The tested antioxidant activity gave (61.55 ± 1.02 RSA %) in comparison to the control of propyl galate levels (88 ± 0.07RSA %) and the preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed that the plant contains Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Anthraquinone Glycoside and Coumarins.

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Prosopis juliflora is the most widespread species of genus Prosopis and it is a good source of compounds that have been shown to be pharmacologically active. This plant has been used as a traditional treatment for several diseases such as microbial infections are major public health problems in the developed and developing countries. Infectious disease is a major cause of deaths accounting for one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Prosopis juliflora methanolic leafs extract against clinical isolates performed by cup-plate agar diffusion method against seven Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli ESBL, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; and three Gram positive bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The methanolic extract exhibited inhibitory effects against most of the tested microorganisms with zone of inhibition ranging from 12 to 41 mm. The largest inhibition zone were obtained from methanolic extract of P. juliflora (leaf) against the Gram negative P. aeruginosa (41 mm) in 100 mg/ml concentration, and Gram positive L. monocytogenes (33 mm) in 100 mg/ml concentration in comparison with Gentamicin 10 mgc. The methanol extract of Prosopis juliflora was found effective against different species of bacteria and considered for further exploration and isolation active compounds analysis.