Milk play a major role in human sources of nutrition and remain as the most important prominent in the Sudanese diet. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are humans and animals opportunistic pathogens, responsible for a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the commercial available milk and to detect ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae from raw milk samples of cow in Al Jazirah state, Sudan. Seventy fresh row cow milk samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological methods, ESBL detection was performed on all the isolates by Ceftazidime screening test, those shows positive results by screening method were subjected to ESBL confirmatory test using Double-Disk Synergy Test and Molecular base detection using conventional PCR. Out of the 70 collected samples, 58 (82.8%) showed positive isolating result, the highest prevalence of the isolates was K. pneumoniae 36 (62%) followed by E. coli 22 (38%). The most resistance antibiotics against isolates was Ampicillin (98%), ESBL production was detected among 17 out of the 22 isolated E. coli (29.3%) and 26 (44.8%) out of the 36 isolated K. pneumoniae. The ESBL gene encoding the ESBL isolates was CTX-M gene representing 61% fellows by SHV gene (23%) and TEM gene (16%). ESBL-producing bacteria may also be transferred via waste milk to calves, thus further spreading antibiotic resistance in the farm environment.

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Investigation of the MRSA’s virulence and resistance mechanisms is a continuing concern toward controlling such burdens through using high throughput whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and molecular diagnostic assays. The objective of the present study is to perform whole-genome sequencing of MRSA isolated from Sudan using Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. Results The genome of MRSA strain SO-1977 consists of 2,827,644 bp with 32.8% G + C, 59 RNAs and 2629 predicted coding sequences (CDSs). The genome has 26 systems, one of which is the major class in the disease virulence and defence. A total of 83 genes were annotated to virulence disease and defence category some of these genes coding as functional proteins. Based on genome analysis, it is speculated that the SO-1977 strain has resistant genes to Teicoplanin, Fluoroquinolones, Quinolone, Cephamycins, Tetracycline, Acriflavin and Carbapenems. The results revealed that the SO-1977, strain isolated from Sudan has a wide range of antibiotic resistance compared to related strains. Conclusion The study reports for the first time the whole genome sequence of Sudan MRSA isolates. The release of the genome sequence of the strain SO-1977 will avail MRSA in public databases for further investigations on the evolution of resistant mechanism and dissemination of the -resistant genes of MRSA.

Prosopis juliflora belongs to the family Fabaceae and is commonly known as mesquite. It has been used as a folk remedy for catarrh, cold, diarrhea, dysentery, excrescences, flu, hoarseness, inflammation, measles, sore throat, and in the healing of wounds. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antitumor, and anthelminitic activities are also reported and it contains phytochemicals such as flavonols, alkaloids, tannins, ellagic acid, glycosides, steroids, and various phenolic compounds. It is reported to be used as feed for cattle worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant (DPPH assay) and Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of P. juliflora. The ethanolic leaves extract of P. juliflora was screened for antioxidant screening using 2.2Di (4-tert-octylPhenyl)-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH), compared with p. galate as standard antioxidant. The tested antioxidant activity gave (61.55 ± 1.02 RSA %) in comparison to the control of propyl galate levels (88 ± 0.07RSA %) and the preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed that the plant contains Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Anthraquinone Glycoside and Coumarins.

This study was carried out to evaluate gardicidal and amoebicidal activity of Anogeisus leicarpus variety supreme court leaves petroleum ether and methanol extracts in vitro tests were perform using four concentrations: (1000ppm, 500ppm 250ppm and 125ppm). The highest activity against Giardia lamblia, from petroleum ether leaves extract of Anogeisus leicarpus exhibit 77.02% mortality at concentration (1000ppm) after 72hours. On the other hand, the lowest antigiardial activity was recorded by methanolic extract 67.28% mortality with 1000ppm concentration in 27hours. The highest the activity against Entamoba histolytica, with respect to time, was obtained from methanolic extract which exhibited 70.06% mortality within 72h with a concentration of 1000 ppm. On the other hand, the lowest antiamobic activity was recorded by petroleum ether extract 61.35% mortality with 1000 ppm concentration within 72hours. This was compared with Metronidazole which gave 83.42% inhibition at concentration 312.5μg/ml at the same time. Our results revealed a pharmacological activity against G. lamblia and E. histolytica we suggested that the extracts have the potential of being used in parasitic infection.

Prosopis juliflora is the most widespread species of genus Prosopis and it is a good source of compounds that have been shown to be pharmacologically active. This plant has been used as a traditional treatment for several diseases such as microbial infections are major public health problems in the developed and developing countries. Infectious disease is a major cause of deaths accounting for one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Prosopis juliflora methanolic leafs extract against clinical isolates performed by cup-plate agar diffusion method against seven Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli ESBL, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; and three Gram positive bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The methanolic extract exhibited inhibitory effects against most of the tested microorganisms with zone of inhibition ranging from 12 to 41 mm. The largest inhibition zone were obtained from methanolic extract of P. juliflora (leaf) against the Gram negative P. aeruginosa (41 mm) in 100 mg/ml concentration, and Gram positive L. monocytogenes (33 mm) in 100 mg/ml concentration in comparison with Gentamicin 10 mgc. The methanol extract of Prosopis juliflora was found effective against different species of bacteria and considered for further exploration and isolation active compounds analysis.