Milk play a major role in human sources of nutrition and remain as the most important prominent in the Sudanese diet. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are humans and animals opportunistic pathogens, responsible for a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the commercial available milk and to detect ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae from raw milk samples of cow in Al Jazirah state, Sudan. Seventy fresh row cow milk samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological methods, ESBL detection was performed on all the isolates by Ceftazidime screening test, those shows positive results by screening method were subjected to ESBL confirmatory test using Double-Disk Synergy Test and Molecular base detection using conventional PCR. Out of the 70 collected samples, 58 (82.8%) showed positive isolating result, the highest prevalence of the isolates was K. pneumoniae 36 (62%) followed by E. coli 22 (38%). The most resistance antibiotics against isolates was Ampicillin (98%), ESBL production was detected among 17 out of the 22 isolated E. coli (29.3%) and 26 (44.8%) out of the 36 isolated K. pneumoniae. The ESBL gene encoding the ESBL isolates was CTX-M gene representing 61% fellows by SHV gene (23%) and TEM gene (16%). ESBL-producing bacteria may also be transferred via waste milk to calves, thus further spreading antibiotic resistance in the farm environment.

Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections in humans, both as community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections. The present study was aimed to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains isolated from urinary tract infections. A hospital cross-sectional based study includes 150 clinically suspected cases of urinary tract infections attended different hospital in Khartoum. Midstream urine samples were collected and pure isolates of pathogenic microorganisms were characterized by colony morphology, gram-stain and standard biochemical procedures. A standard method of agar disc diffusion susceptibility testing method was used to determine susceptibility patterns of the isolates. The most common pathogens isolated were E. coli (57.3%), K. pneumonia (16.7%), P. aeruginosa (14%), E. feacalis (4%). C. albicans (8%). For all UTI isolates, least resistance was observed, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest percentage of resistance to ampicillin, Cefepime, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin, followed by Gentamycin and Imipenem. Significant bacteriuria has been observed. Majority of the isolates were resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Identifying the pathogen, choosing correct antibiotics, limiting their excess use, improving resistance surveillance systems will help controlling this global problem.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis with a high degree of morbidity in humans. It was formerly known as Mediterranean fever, Malta fever or undulant fever. The aim of this study to determine the prevalence of brucellosis among febrile negative malaria patients consume raw milk in West Darfur State, Sudan. In this cross sectional study, one hundred and half blood samples were collected from febrile patients and examined by Rose Bengal (RBPT), ELISA, SAT and PCR methods. The results showed 55 samples were positive by RBPT method, 67 samples were positive by SAT, 72 samples were positive by ELISA and 110 sample positive by nested PCR. Deficiency of awareness of brucellosis with prevailing routine habit of consumption raw milk and close contact with infected animals can function as mean of infection to human beings, molecular methods and could be a useful tool for the detection of Brucella spp.